Bertholletia excelsa SEEDS IN THE CERRADO-AMAZON TRANSITION REGION: MORPHOMETRY, COLORIMETRY, VIABILITY AND GERMINATION

This study aimed to describe the morphometric characteristics of fruits and seeds, and to evaluate the viability and germination of B. excelsa seeds stored under litter under microenvironmental conditions of their natural habitat in the Cerrado-Brazilian Amazon transition. The morphometric characterization included measurements of diameters and latitudinal and longitudinal circumferences of the fruits; exocarp and mesocarp thickness, weight of fruits and seeds per fruit, number of seeds per fruit, thickness, width and length of seeds. Seed moisture was obtained by the ratio between masses. The colorimetric characterization occurred in the mesocarp, external and internal tegument and in the internal part of the seed. Seed viability was evaluated by the tetrazolium test and germination with degummed and intact seeds. Morphometric variability of fruits and seeds of B. excelsa was observed regardless of humidity. The color of the fruit and the outer seed coat changed color with the reduction of relative air humidity. Variations in the relative humidity of the air during the storage period influenced the significant reduction of 45.31% in the water content of the seeds and compromised the physiological quality, reducing the viability and germination capacity of the seeds. The seeds of B. excelsa are sensitive to variations in humidity. The storage of seeds inside the fruit under the litter under microenvironmental conditions of their natural habitat for up to 96 days with average relative humidity above 65%, guarantees the maintenance of seed moisture above the critical humidity of 30%. Viable seeds with germination power have a water content above 45%.ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to describe morphometric characteristics of fruits and seeds and evaluate the viability and germination of seeds of Bertholletia excelsa stored on litterfall and under similar microenvironmental conditions to those found in their natural habitat, in a Cerrado-Amazon transition area, Brazil. The morphometric characterization consisted of measurements of diameters and latitudinal and longitudinal circumferences of fruits, exocarp and mesocarp thickness, fruit and seed weights per fruit, number of seeds per fruit, and seed thickness, width, and length. Seed moisture content was determined by the ratio between the fresh and dry weights. Colorimetric characterization was performed for mesocarp, outer and inner seed coats, and internal part of the seeds. Seed viability was evaluated using the tetrazolium test and germination was evaluated using intact seeds without seed coat. Morphometric variability was found for fruits and seeds of B. excelsa, regardless of the air humidity. Fruit color and seed outer coat color changed as the relative air humidity decreased. Variations in relative air humidity during the storage period resulted in a significant decrease (45.31%) in seed moisture content and compromised of the seed physiological quality, decreasing seed viability and germination capacity. B. excelsa seeds are sensitive to variations in air humidity. Storing seeds inside the fruit on litterfall and under similar microenvironmental conditions to their natural habitat for up to 96 days under mean relative air humidity above 65% ensures the maintenance of seed moisture above the critical level (30%). Viable seeds with germination potential present moisture contents above 45%. Keywords: Amazon Rainforest; forest residues; recalcitrance; Brazil nut conservation; extractivism.   Sementes de Bertholletia excelsa na transição Cerrado-Amazônia: morfometria, colorimetria, viabilidade e germinação   RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou descrever as características morfométricas dos frutos e sementes, e, avaliar a viabilidade e germinação das sementes da B. excelsa armazenadas sob a serapilheira em condições microambientais do seu habitat natural na transição Cerrado-Amazônia brasileira. A caracterização morfométrica incluiu medidas de diâmetros e circunferências latitudinal e longitudinal dos frutos; espessura do exocarpo e do mesocarpo, massa dos frutos e das sementes por fruto, número de sementes por fruto, espessura, largura e comprimento das sementes. A umidade das sementes foi obtida pela razão entre massas. A caracterização colorimétrica ocorreu no mesocarpo, tegumento externo e interno e na parte interna da semente. A viabilidade das sementes foi avaliada pelo teste de tetrazólio e a germinação com sementes destegumentadas e intactas. Observou-se variabilidade morfométrica dos frutos e sementes da B. excelsa independentemente da umidade. A cor do fruto e do tegumento externo da semente mudaram de tonalidade com a redução da umidade relativa do ar. As variações da umidade relativa do ar durante o período de armazenamento influenciaram na redução expressiva de 45,31 % no teor de água das sementes e comprometeu a qualidade fisiológica, diminuindo a viabilidade e capacidade de germinação das sementes. As sementes da B. excelsa são sensíveis as variações de umidade. O armazenamento das sementes dentro do fruto sob a serapilheira em condições microambientais do seu habitat natural por até 96 dias com umidade relativa do ar média acima de 65 %, garante a manutenção da umidade das sementes acima da umidade crítica de 30 %. Sementes viáveis e com poder germinativo apresentam teor de água acima de 45 %. Palavras-chave: Floresta Amazônica; resíduos florestais; recalcitrância; conservação da castanha do Brasil; extrativismo

Características essenciais para a atuação de um coach de Crossfit® sob a perspectiva dos praticantes da modalidade

BACKGROUND: Crossfit® is a training method composed by high-intensity physical exercises that focus on developing general physical training. Coach (instructor) is who conducts and guides the activities inside the box. This one has an important role of leadership and requires knowledge about needs of practitioners to conduct the practice. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to identify essential characteristics in performance of a CrossFit® coach according to practitioners’ perspective. METHODS: The study is cross-sectional descriptive and was realized in a CrossFit® box located in the interior of Santa Catarina. There were 82 participants that practice Crossfit®. They answered a semi-structured interview. Data analysis occurred by verifying absolute and relative frequencies, proportion estimates (95% confidence intervals) and thematic analysis. Microsoft Excel and Epi Info™ were used. RESULTS: The results confirm that practitioners expect that coach be able to enjoy teaching, be patient, good at teaching, be motivating, cheerful and humorous, have good technical knowledge, be updated, be a good observer and correct, demonstrating movement patterns. Behaviors of motivation/encouragement, guidance/technical knowledge and positive leadership are expected to improve practitioners’ practice. Besides participants showed the idea that the practice place refers them to a motivating and welcoming climate when asked about what the box environment represents. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that teaching skills, updating and behavioral characteristics of positive leadership are essential factors for adherence to the practice and progression of skills by practitioners. The results can contribute to coaches’ qualification in order to meet the expectations of the practitioners and understand that their performance affects the adherence, evolution and satisfaction of practitioners, maintaining their quality of life inside and outside the box.INTRODUÇÃO: O Crossfit® é um método de treinamento composto por exercícios funcionais, de alta intensidade, com foco em desenvolver o condicionamento físico geral. Quem conduz e orienta as atividades dentro do box é o coach, que exerce importante função de liderança e requer o conhecimento das necessidades de seus alunos para condução da prática. OBJETIVO: O estudo teve como objetivo identificar, a partir da perspectiva dos praticantes, quais características são essenciais para a atuação de um coach de CrossFit®. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal em um box de CrossFit®, localizado no interior de Santa Catarina. Oitenta e dois praticantes responderam um questionário semiestruturado. A análise dos dados ocorreu verificando-se frequências absolutas, relativas, estimativas de proporção (p≤0,95), com o uso do Microsoft Excel e Epi Info™, além de análise temática. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que os alunos esperam que o coach: goste de ensinar, tenha paciência, boa didática, seja motivador, alegre e bem-humorado, tenha bom conhecimento técnico, esteja atualizado, seja bom observador e corrija, demonstrando os padrões de movimento. São esperados comportamentos de motivação/incentivo, orientação/conhecimento técnico e liderança positiva para a melhora da prática dos alunos. Quando questionados sobre o que representa o ambiente do box, as percepções predominantes são a ideia de que o local de prática remete a um clima motivador e acolhedor. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que habilidades didáticas, atualização e características comportamentais de liderança positiva são fatores essenciais para adesão à prática e progressão das habilidades pelos alunos. Os resultados podem contribuir para a qualificação dos coaches, para atenderem as expectativas dos praticantes e compreenderem que sua atuação influencia diretamente na adesão, evolução e satisfação dos alunos, com manutenção da sua qualidade de vida dentro e fora do box

Influence of Leaf Area Index on the Heat Index of a Tropic Urban Park

In the wake of climate change cities need to adapt to global warming In this context the use of afforestation to improve the microclimate may assist in raising the quality of life for population This objective requires research that analyzes how the variations in parameters related to canopy dynamics such as the leaf area index LAI and photosynthetically active radiation PAR can influence thermal comfort indices To contribute to this research this study measured the air temperature relative air humidity PAR and LAI on a monthly basis from July 2017 to June 2018 in an urban park in a tropical region of Brazil Kriging maps were created for the heat index HI and multiple polynomial regression models were adjusted to estimate the HI using PAR and LAI data After defining the models positive and negative variations of LAI were tested to observe if any changes in HI occurred The simulated results showed greater sensitivity to negative variations in LAI in which a 50 reduction in LAI decreased the HI by 28 particularly during the dry perio

Qualidade do ar interno em veículo não climatizado do transporte coletivo de Cuiabá – MT

The study of indoor air quality has intensified in recent decades in the face of concern about human exposure to physical, chemical or biological agents present in environments, in addition to the possible deleterious effects on the health of its occupants. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the air quality inside the bus, not air conditioned, of public transport in Cuiabá, capital of the state of Mato Grosso. To this end, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations were monitored at three predefined points in the morning, afternoon and night on three consecutive working days in August (dry) 2018 and February (rainy) 2019 The results were compared to the reference values described in ANVISA Resolution No. 09/2003. In the results, from a total of 18 (eighteen) collections, the standardized maximum limit of 1000 ppm for CO2 concentrations was exceeded once and recorded in P1 (1082 ppm) in the morning of the dry period, however, in three other collections high concentrations were identified, being in P2 (989 ppm) night time dry period, the other records were in the rainy season, P3 (906 ppm) afternoon time and P2 (950 ppm) in the night time. It is possible to infer that the CO2 concentrations, despite being in line with the limit standardized by RE/ANVISA No. 09/2003, in three samplings, values higher than 900 ppm were recorded, not ruling out evidence of the inefficiency of the ventilation system in relation to the dilution of the concentrations of pollutants inside the vehicle.El estudio de la calidad del aire interior se ha intensificado en las últimas décadas ante la preocupación por la exposición humana a los agentes físicos, químicos o biológicos presentes en los ambientes, además de los posibles efectos deletéreos sobre la salud de sus ocupantes. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad del aire en el interior de los autobuses, sin aire acondicionado, de transporte público en Cuiabá, capital del estado de Mato Grosso. Para ello, se monitorearon las concentraciones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) en tres puntos predefinidos en la mañana, tarde y noche en tres días hábiles consecutivos en agosto (seco) de 2018 y febrero (lluvioso) de 2019. Los resultados se compararon con los valores de referencia. descrito en la Resolución ANVISA N° 09/2003. En los resultados, de un total de 18 (dieciocho) colectas, el límite máximo estandarizado de 1000 ppm para concentraciones de CO2 fue excedido una vez y registrado en P1 (1082 ppm) en la mañana del período seco, sin embargo, en otras tres colectas altas se identificaron concentraciones, siendo P2 (989 ppm) en el período seco nocturno, los demás registros fueron en el período lluvioso, P3 (906 ppm) en el período vespertino y P2 (950 ppm) en el período nocturno. Es posible inferir que las concentraciones de CO2, a pesar de estar en línea con el límite estandarizado por la RE/ANVISA N° 09/2003, en tres muestreos se registraron valores superiores a 900 ppm, no descartándose evidencia de la ineficiencia de el sistema de ventilación en relación con la dilución de las concentraciones de contaminantes en el interior del vehículo.O estudo acerca da qualidade do ar no interior de ambientes tem se intensificado nas últimas décadas frente a preocupação da exposição humana à agentes físicos, químicos ou biológicos presentes nos ambientes, além dos possíveis efeitos deletérios a saúde de seus ocupantes.  Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade do ar no interior do ônibus, não climatizado, do transporte coletivo de Cuiabá capital do estado de Mato Grosso. Para tanto, monitorou-se as concentrações de dióxido de carbono (CO2) em três pontos predefinidos nos horários matutino, vespertino e noturno em três dias úteis consecutivos no mês de agosto (seco) de 2018 e no mês de fevereiro (chuvoso) de 2019. Os resultados foram comparados aos valores de referência descritos na Resolução ANVISA  n°09/2003. Nos resultados, de um total de 18 (dezoito) coletas, o limite máximo normatizado de 1000 ppm para as concentrações de CO2, foi ultrapassado uma vez e registrado no P1 (1082 ppm) horário matutino do período seco, porém, em outras três coletas foram identificadas altas concentrações, sendo no P2 (989 ppm) horário noturno período seco, os demais registros foram no período chuvoso, P3 (906 ppm) horário vespertino e P2 (950 ppm) no horário noturno. É possível inferir que as concentrações CO2 apesar de estarem em consonância ao limite normatizado pela RE/ ANVISA  n°09/2003, em três amostragens foram registrados valores superiores a 900 ppm, não descartando indícios da ineficiência do sistema de ventilação em relação a diluição das concentrações de poluentes no interior do veículo

Relação entre lordose lombar e desempenho da musculatura abdominal em alunos de fisioterapia

Knowing that the middle of the corporal weight is in stable balance on lumbar spine, all muscles that estebilize this place are important, in special abdominals muscles. This muscles attire lateral, anterior and posterior walls of trunk, they work that on band that contains all visceras, they help in balance and work directement in the static and dynamic of pelvis, been much important for body’s posture. There isn’t cientific prove that the habilit of the abdominals muscles is realy connect with the relax erect posture and consequently with the lumbar lordose angle. With the object to connect the abdominal strength and the angle of lumbar lordose was use for measure the angle of lumbar lordose using radiographys of lumbar spine maked with ortostatic position, and the abdominal performance with help of the esfigmomanometryc. For this study, evaluated fifty physiotherapy’s students of University State of Londrina without symptoms, with median age of 22.08; this, five were men and fourty five were women. Like result, wasn’t meet significant correlation between these parameters analised.Sabendo-se que a metade do peso corporal está em equilíbrio estável sobre a coluna lombar, toda a musculatura estabilizadora desta região é importante, em especial os músculos abdominais. Esses músculos revestem as paredes laterais, anterior e posterior do abdome, agindo como uma espécie de cinta que contém as vísceras, auxiliam no equilíbrio e atuam diretamente na estática e na dinâmica da pelve, sendo muito importante para a postura do corpo. Não há comprovação científica de que a habilidade da musculatura abdominal esteja realmente relacionada com a postura ereta relaxada e conseqüentemente com a angulação lordótica lombar. Com o objetivo de relacionar a força abdominal e o ângulo da lordose lombar, foi utilizado como medida o ângulo da lordose lombar com o auxílio de radiografias da região lombar realizadas com o indivíduo em posição ortostática, e a performance abdominal com o auxílio de um esfigmomanômetro. Para esse estudo foram avaliados 50 alunos assintomáticos do curso de fisioterapia da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, com idade média entre 22,08 anos; destes, 5 eram homens e 45, mulheres. Como resultado, não foi encontrada correlação significante entre os parâmetros analisados

Volume de calda e concentração de retardantes do fogo em queimas controladas em área de eucalipto na transição Cerrado-Amazônia

The chemical firebreaks consist of bands with applications of fire retardants and are used in the indirect combat of forest fires. Despite its efficiency, the lack of practical use recommendations restricts the application and effectiveness of the products. This paper evaluated the efficiency of fire retardants in controlled burning in area of 6.0 years old of the Eucalyptus urograndis (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla) (clone H13) by applying different concentrations of product and volumes of the syrup, after 1.0h of retardants application. Two commercially fire retardants (Phos-Chek WD881® and Hold Fire®) and an alternative (hydro retainer polymer - Nutrigel®) were tested with five concentrations each and volumes of the syrup of 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 L m-2 (only water and without application syrup were the references). The fire behavior was evaluated through fire propagation speed, flame length (and their respective reduction rates) and the fuel material remaining and consumed. For all the retardants, the increase of volumes of the syrup promoted reduction of fire behavior variables, being recommended an application of syrup equivalent to 2.0 L m-2. The efficiencies of the Phos-Chek WD881® and of Hold Fire® presented increasing linear models with increased concentration improved retarder efficacy, however, the Nutrigel® presented efficiency with quadratic response to increased concentrations. The ideal concentration varied according to the product, recommended 1.0 mL L-1; 1.5 mL L-1; 0.0060 g L-1 for Phos-Chek®, Hold Fire® and Nutrigel®, respectively.Os aceiros químicos consistem em faixas com aplicações de retardantes do fogo utilizados no combate indireto de incêndios florestais. Embora eficiente, a inexistência de recomendações de uso prático restringe a aplicação e eficácia dos produtos. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de retardantes do fogo em queimas controladas em área de Eucalyptus urograndis (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla) (clone H13) com 6,0 anos de idade, por meio da aplicação de diferentes concentrações e volumes de calda, considerando 1,0 h como tempo pós-aplicação. Foram avaliados três retardantes do fogo: dois comerciais (Phos-Chek WD881® e Hold Fire®) e um alternativo (polímero hidrorretentor: Nutrigel®) com cinco concentrações e nos volumes de calda de 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 L m-2 (apenas água e sem aplicação de calda foram as referências). O comportamento do fogo foi avaliado pela velocidade de propagação do fogo, comprimento das chamas (e suas respectivas taxas de reduções) e material combustível remanescente e consumido. Para todos os retardantes, o aumento do volume de calda propiciou redução das variáveis do comportamento do fogo, sendo recomendado a aplicação de calda equivalente a 2,0 L m-2. As eficiências do Phos-Chek WD881® e do Hold Fire® apresentaram comportamentos lineares crescentes indicando que o aumento da concentração propiciou maior do controle do fogo, todavia, o Nutrigel® apresentou eficiência com resposta quadrática ao incremento das concentrações. A concentração ideal variou de acordo com o produto, sendo recomendado 1,0 mL L-1; 1,5 mL L-1; 0,0060 g L-1 para Phos-Chek WD881®, Hold Fire® e Nutrigel®, respectivamente

Combination of leukocyte and platelet–rich fibrin and demineralized bovine bone graft enhanced bone formation and healing after maxillary sinus augmentation: a randomized clinical trial

Background and objective: The resorption of alveolar ridge bone and maxillary sinus pneumatization are challenges to implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation. Bone regeneration using bone substitutes and growth factors are alternatives for maxillary sinus augmentation (MSA). Therefore, we sought to evaluate the effects of the association between leukocyte and platelet–rich fibrin (L-PRF) and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) in MSA procedures. Materials and methods: Thirty-six maxillary sinuses from 24 individuals were included in this randomized clinical trial. The maxillary sinuses were randomly grafted with LPRF and DBBM (test group) or grafted only with DBBM (positive control). Dental implants were installed in the test group following two periods of evaluation: after 4 (DBBM+LPRF4) and 8 (DBBM+LPFR8) months of sinus graft healing, while the control group received implants only after 8 months. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was taken 1 week after surgery (T1) and before implant placement (T2). Bone samples were collected during implant placement for histomorphometric and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. The primary implant stability was assessed by resonance frequency analysis. Results: CBCT analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in bone volume from T1 to T2 in all groups without differences among them. Histologically, the test group showed significantly increase in bone neoformation in both periods of evaluation (LPRF+DBBM4: 44.70±14.01%; LPRF+DBBM8: 46.56±12.25%) compared to the control group (32.34±9.49%). The control group showed the highest percentage of residual graft. IHC analysis showed increased staining intensity of osteocalcin (OCN), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2) in LPRF+DBBM4 group, and osteopontin (OPN) in the L-PRF+DBBM8. Primary implant stability was successfully achieved (above 60 in implant stability quotient) in all the evaluated groups. Conclusion: Combination of L-PRF and DBBM increased and accelerated new bone formation allowing early implant placement probably due to the higher protein expression of RUNX2, VEGF, OCN, and OPN. These data suggest that the use of L-PRF might be an interesting alternative to use in combination with DBBM for augment the maxillary sinuses allowing the installation of appropriate length implants in shorter period of time. Clinical relevance: This study showed improvement in bone neoformation and accelerated healing when associating L-PRF and DBBM for maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. Trial registration: This study was registered before participant recruitment in Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC - RBR-95m73t).</p

Adolescent mice are more vulnerable than adults to single injection-induced behavioral sensitization to amphetamine

Drug-induced behavioral sensitization in rodents has enhanced our understanding of why drugs acquire increasing motivational and incentive value. Compared to adults, human adolescents have accelerated dependence courses with shorter times from first exposure to dependence. We compared adolescent and adult mice in their ability to develop behavioral sensitization to amphetamine following a single injection. Adult (90-day-old) and adolescent (45-day-old) male Swiss mice received an acute intraperitoneal injection of saline or amphetamine (1.0. 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg). Seven days later, half of the mice from the saline group received a second injection of saline. the remaining animals were challenged with 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine. Following all of the injections, mice were placed in activity chambers and locomotion was quantified for 45 min. the magnitude of both the acute and sensitized locomotor stimulatory effect of amphetamine was higher in the adolescent mice. Previous experience with the test environment inhibited the acute amphetamine stimulation in both adolescent and adult mice, but facilitated the detection of elevated spontaneous locomotion in adolescent animals. These results support the notion that the adolescent period is associated with an increased risk for development of drug abuse. Additionally, they indicate a complex interaction between the environmental novelty, adolescence and amphetamine. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundo de Apoio ao Docente e Aluno (FADA)Associacao Fundo de Pesquisa em Psicobiologia (AFIP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Farmacol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, BR-11060001 Santos, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Farmacol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, BR-11060001 Santos, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc