Seeking to enhance the bioenergy of municipal sludge: Effect of alkali pre-treatment and soluble organic matter supplementation

The aim of this research is to enhance the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge from Cadiz-San Fernando (Spain) wastewater treatment plant at 20 days hydraulic retention time (HRT). Two different strategies were tested to improve the process: co-digestion with the addition of soluble organic matter (1% v/v); and alkali sludge pre-treatment (NaOH) prior to co-digestion with glycerine (1% v/v). Methane production (MP) was substantially enhanced (from 0.36 ± 0.09 L CH4 l/d to 0.85 ± 0.16 L CH4 l/d), as was specific methane production (SMP) (from 0.20 ± 0.05 L CH4/g VS to 0.49 ± 0.09 L CH4/g VS) when glycerine was added. The addition of glycerine does not seem to affect sludge stability, the quality of the effluent in terms of pH and organic matter content, i.e. volatile fatty acids (VFA), soluble organic matter and total volatile solid, or process stability (VFA/Alkalinity ratio < 0.4). Alkali pre-treatment prior to co-digestion resulted in a high increase in soluble organic loading rates (more than 20%) and acidification yield (more than 50%). At 20 days HRT, however, it led to overload of the system and total destabilization of the mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and glycerine

Mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with glycerine: Effect of solids retention time

The main objective of this paper is to examine the effect of the increase in organic loading rates (OLRs), by reducing the solids retention time (SRT) from 20 d to 5 d, in single-phase mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with glycerine (1% v/v). It was experimentally confirmed that anaerobic co-digestion of these biowastes under steady-state conditions can achieve an 85 ± 5% reduction in volatile fatty acids (VFA) at SRTs of between 20 and 9 d, with a methane production yield of around 0.8 l CH4/l/d. Decreases in the SRT not only allow the sludge stability and biogas production to be maintained, but also lead to an increase in the waste that could be treated and lower operating costs. Therefore, mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and glycerin at a SRT lower than 20 d is possible and preferable due to being more economical and environmentally friendl

El valor educativo de los cuidados infantiles : para la atención de los niños y niñas de 0 a 3 años. Guía de orientación

En la primera parte se presentan ideas claves que orientan la atención educativa a los bebes, niños y niñas de este grupo de edad. En la segunda parte, se fundamenta la importancia de los momentos de cuidado y las implicancias en la formación integral. En la tercera parte, se brindan orientaciones precisas para favorecer el desarrollo y aprendizajes de los niños en las actividades de sostén, alimentación, sueño, baño, cambio de pañal y ropa, así como también el tipo de acompañamiento que se requiere brindar para un adecuado proceso de control de esfínteres

El valor educativo de los cuidados infantiles : para la atención de los niños y niñas de 0 a 3 años. Guía de orientación

En la primera parte se presentan ideas claves que orientan la atención educativa a los bebes, niños y niñas de este grupo de edad. En la segunda parte, se fundamenta la importancia de los momentos de cuidado y las implicancias en la formación integral. En la tercera parte, se brindan orientaciones precisas para favorecer el desarrollo y aprendizajes de los niños en las actividades de sostén, alimentación, sueño, baño, cambio de pañal y ropa, así como también el tipo de acompañamiento que se requiere brindar para un adecuado proceso de control de esfínteres

Planificación Educativa para la atención a los niños y niñas de 0 a 3 años : guía de orientación

Esta guía ofrece información precisa sobre el sentido y la ruta de la planificación para la atención educativa de los niños de 0 a 3 años. Proporciona además información que permitirá profundizar el conocimiento de los niños y niñas de este grupo de edad

Guía para la Atención Integral a niños y niñas de 0 a 3 años PRONOEI EIB

Esta guía está organizada en cinco partes. En la primera se presenta los principios de la educación inicial desde una perspectiva intercultural. La segunda considera la crianza en los pueblos originarios andinos y amazónicos. En la tercera parte, se explica la importancia de de los cuidados y del juego. La cuarta parte corresponde a la observación y registro del avance de cada niño. Por último en la quinta parte, se brinda ejemplos y estrategias para las visitas a las familias y las reuniones comunitarias

Guía para la Atención Integral a niños y niñas de 0 a 3 años PRONOEI EIB

Esta guía está organizada en cinco partes. En la primera se presenta los principios de la educación inicial desde una perspectiva intercultural. La segunda considera la crianza en los pueblos originarios andinos y amazónicos. En la tercera parte, se explica la importancia de de los cuidados y del juego. La cuarta parte corresponde a la observación y registro del avance de cada niño. Por último en la quinta parte, se brinda ejemplos y estrategias para las visitas a las familias y las reuniones comunitarias

Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines

Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice. In other parts of the world, extracts from both regions and local ones are commercialized, as in Mexico. Here, local experts developed a national AIT guideline (GUIMIT 2019) searching for compromises between both schools. Methods: Using ADAPTE methodology for transculturizing guidelines and AGREE-II for evaluating guideline quality, GUIMIT selected 3 high-quality Main Reference Guidelines (MRGs): the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guideines, the S2k guideline of various German-speaking medical societies (2014), and the US Practice Parameters on Allergen Immunotherapy 2011. We formulated clinical questions and based responses on the fused evidence available in the MRGs, combined with local possibilities, patient's preference, and costs. We came across several issues on which the MRGs disagreed. These are presented here along with arguments of GUIMIT members to resolve them. GUIMIT (for a complete English version, see Supplementary data) concluded the following: Results: Related to the diagnosis of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, apart from skin prick testing complementary tests (challenges, in vitro testing and molecular such as species-specific allergens) might be useful in selected cases to inform AIT composition. AIT is indicated in allergic rhinitis and suggested in allergic asthma (once controlled) and IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis. Concerning the correct subcutaneous AIT dose for compounding vials according to the US school: dosing tables and formula are given; up to 4 non-related allergens can be mixed, refraining from mixing high with low protease extracts. When using European extracts: the manufacturer's indications should be followed; in multi-allergic patients 2 simultaneous injections can be given (100% consensus); mixing is discouraged. In Mexico only allergoid tablets are available; based on doses used in all sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) publications referenced in MRGs, GUIMIT suggests a probable effective dose related to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) might be: 50–200% of the monthly SCIT dose given daily, maximum mixing 4 allergens. Also, a table with practical suggestions on non-evidence-existing issues, developed with a simplified Delphi method, is added. Finally, dissemination and implementation of guidelines is briefly discussed, explaining how we used online tools for this in Mexico. Conclusions: Countries where European and American AIT extracts are available should adjust AIT according to which school is followed

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection