Análisis del proceso de compatibilidad en un área natural protegida considerando el derecho humano al agua como criterio adicional: el caso de un proyecto de afianzamiento hídrico para autoconsumo de la Comunidad Campesina de Aquia en el Parque Nacional Huascarán

La conservación de las áreas naturales protegidas (ANP1) y su posicionamiento como herramientas para la conservación, se ha visto reflejado en las normas que establecen como obligatoria la Opinión Técnica Previa Vinculante (OTPV) a un proyecto que se superponga a dichas áreas, sin su obtención el proyecto propuesto no es viable. Este procedimiento es conocido como compatibilidad. Por otro lado, la creación de escenarios concertados en las áreas naturales protegidas, cobra importancia porque establece la gestión del territorio y los recursos que en ellas se encuentran, si dichos escenarios se construyen sin la participación de los actores, estos no reflejan la forma en que las poblaciones locales se relacionan con su entorno. Cuando estos escenarios se ubican en la zona de sierra entonces existe una alta probabilidad que parte de sus actores sean comunidades campesinas, por tanto entran a tallar no solo las normas aplicables a las ANP sino también las que conciernen a los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. En este sentido, el agua juega un papel importante ya que es un recurso fundamental para la subsistencia de estas comunidades, pues no sólo les permite acceder al alimento a través del cultivo de la tierra o crianza de ganado, sino que también se encuentra ligada a un concepto de territorio, costumbres e identidad colectiva. Además, al discurrir por un ANP la gestión que esta haya previsto en su plan maestro es decisiva para los usos que se le dé, pudiendo no coincidir con las expectativas y/o necesidades de las comunidades. Es así que, en este espacio se tejen una serie de normas que regulan directa o indirectamente el uso que se le da al agua. Entonces, cuando se tiene un proyecto de afianzamiento hídrico cuya fuente de agua se encuentra dentro de un ANP, y cuyo fin es garantizar la subsistencia de una comunidad campesina, no solo rigen las normas y regulaciones dadas por la Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA), sino también aquellas establecidas por el Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (SERNANP) y debido a la naturaleza del proyecto también cobran importancia las normas del Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego (MINAGRI). Sin embargo, antes incluso de pensar en el procedimiento para obtención de un derecho de uso de agua, se requiere contar con la OTPV (compatibilidad) favorable, siendo este el primer paso 1 En al presente tesis la sigla ANP se empela indistintamente para referirse a un área natural protegida o a más de un área natural protegida. para ejecutar el proyecto, de no obtenerlo, el proyecto no es factible y termina siendo denegado. Esta situación implica la denegación tácita del uso de agua a la comunidad que lo solicita, con lo cual se podría vulnerar su derecho humano al agua y con este su derecho a una vida digna y otros derechos de los pueblos indígenas. En la presente tesis, se analiza el caso de la comunidad campesina de Aquia ubicada en el departamento de Ancash, para entender cómo funcionó la evaluación del SERNANP, la cual no consideró el derecho humano al agua (DHA) ni los derechos de las comunidades. En base a ello y a entrevistas a diversos actores asociados a la actividad, se determinaron desafíos para incluir en la evaluación de SERNANP, tanto el DHA como el derecho de las comunidades campesinas localizadas en la sierra (pueblos indígenas). Una vez determinados estos desafíos, se pudieron establecer criterios para llevar a cabo una evaluación diferenciada en casos similares al de la comunidad campesina de Aquia. Es decir, se proponen criterios técnicos adicionales en la evaluación previa a la OTPV (compatibilidad) cuando se involucre a una o más comunidades campesinas en sierra con el propósito de mejorar la evaluación. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis legal determinando que la ratificación de diversos tratados internacionales asociados al DHA, son de cumplimiento obligatorio, los cuales brindan la base legal para resolver y emitir la OTPV favorable a un proyecto. A esto se sumó la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) y la Corte de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas (CDHNU), la cual permitió demostrar que las menciones al Convenio 169 de la OIT y derechos de las comunidades en la Ley de áreas naturales protegidas y la Ley de recursos hídricos, es la base fundamental para evaluar la solicitudes de compatibilidad, considerando el derecho humano al agua y los derechos de las comunidades como criterios adicionales no indicados literalmente en la legislación, pero si presentes en la normativa existente aplicable al caso.The conservation of natural protected areas (ANP) and their positioning as tools for conservation has been reflected in the regulations that establish the binding prior technical opinion (OTPV) as mandatory for a project that overlaps those areas, without its obtaining the proposed project is not viable. This procedure is known as compatibility. On the other hand, the creation of concerted scenarios in natural protected areas becomes important because it establishes the management of the territory and the resources that are in them, if such scenarios are carried out without the participation of the actors, they do not reflect the way that local populations are related to their environment. When these areas are located in the highlands, the probability that part of their actors are peasants communities is quite high, therefore the applicable rules are not only related to the ANP, but also those that recognize the rights of indigenous communities. In this sense, water plays an important role since it is a fundamental resource for the subsistence of these communities, as it not only allows them to access food through the cultivation of land or raising livestock, but it is also linked to a concept of territory, customs and collective identity. In addition, when water runs through an ANP the management established on the master plan becomes overriding for its uses, which may not coincide with the expectations and / or needs of the communities, so in this space applies laws that directly or indirectly regulate the resource use. Then, when the water source of a project is inside an ANP whose purpose is to guarantee the subsistence of a peasant community, the rules and regulations that are applied are those given by the ANA, SERNANP and MINAGRI due to the character of the project. However, before even thinking about the procedure to obtain a right to use water, the prior obligation is the OTPV (compatibility), this is the first step to execute the project, if it is not obtained, the project is not feasible and ends up being denied. This situation implies the tacit denial of the use of water to the community that requests it, thereby violating their human right to water and related rights as right to a dignified life and the rights of indigenous peoples In the present thesis, the case of peasant community of Aquia, located in Ancash, is analyzed to understand how the evaluation of SERNANP was accomplished, which did not consider the human right to water or the rights of indigenous peoples. Based on interviews with key actors, challenges were identified linked to evaluation of SERNANP both the DHA and the right of the communities. Once these challenges were determined, criteria could be established to carry out a differentiated evaluation in similar cases to peasant community of Aquia. In other words, additional technical criteria are proposed in the prior evaluation for delivering OTPV when one or more highland peasant communities are involved. Likewise, a legal analysis was carried out determining that the ratification of various international treaties associated with the DHA, are mandatory, which provide the legal basis to resolve and deliver the OTPV favorable to a project. This was complemented by the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (CIDH) and the United Nations Human Rights Court (CDHNU), which demonstrated that the mentions to Convention 169 and the rights of communities in the law of natural protected areas and the law of water resources, is the fundamental basis for evaluating compatibility requests considering the human right to water and the rights of communities.Tesi

In vitro selection method in explants of Opuntia sps. with resistance to black spot caused by Pseudocercospora opuntiae

La mancha negra del nopal; provocada por Pseudocercospora opuntiae es una enfermedad difundida entre los sistemas productivos de nopal. El proceso de patogénesis, comprende un período de incubación de 90 días y el desarrollo de los síntomas puede ocurrir en 25 días. Sin embargo, aún es limitada la información del patosistema de P. opuntiae en Opuntia sps. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de productos extracelulares y esporas de P. opuntiae sobre plántulas de nopal en condiciones in vitro. Se evaluó tres genotipos provenientes de embriones cigóticos y dos genotipos de selección a campo caracterizados como tolerante (T) y resistente (R) a P. opuntiae. Se inoculó plántulas de Opuntia in vitro con el extracto extracelular y una suspensión de 108 conidios ml, se evaluó el daño a los 15, 30, 45 y 60 días posterior a la inoculación (dpi). Después de 60 dpi se presentaron los síntomas en explantes inoculados con el hongo puro, mientras los productos de excreción del hongo en medio líquido mostraron capacidad de provocar síntomas similares al inóculo fúngico. Estos resultados demuestran que P. opuntiae infecta explantes de Opuntia bajo condiciones de cultivo in vitro, lo que podría ser una herramienta importante en la selección de genotipos resistentes de Opuntia sps. a la mancha negra. Palabras clave • •The black spot cactus is caused by Pseudocercospora opuntiae a disease spread among production systems. The process of pathogenesis, comprising an incubation period of 90 d. and the development of symptoms can occur in 25 d.; however, is still limited information pathosystem P. opuntiae in Opuntia sps. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of extracellular products and spores of P. opuntiae on cactus pear under in vitro conditions. Three genotypes from zygotic embryos and two genotypes product of field selection which were characterized as tolerant (T) and resistant (R) to P. opuntiae were evaluated. Opuntia in vitro seedlings were inoculated with the extracellular extract and a suspension of 108 conidia m/l, the damage at 15, 30, 45 and 60 d. post-inoculation (dpi) were evaluated. After 60 dpi symptoms occurred in explants inoculated with pure fungus, while the excretion products of the fungus in liquid medium showed ability to induce symptoms similar to fungal inoculum. These results demonstrate that P. opuntiae infected Opuntia explants under in vitro culture conditions, which could be an important tool in the selection of resistant genotypes to black spot in Opuntia sps.Fil: Ochoa, María Judith. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias.Fil: Rivera López, Luis.Fil: Gómez Leyva, Juan Florencio

Electromyographic Comparison Between the Rear-Foot-Elevated vs. B-Stance Unilateral Back Squat Techniques

The Rear-Foot-Elevated back squat (RFE) and B-Stance (BS) are two unilateral back squat techniques with the latter commonly proposed as the more stable of the two. There is currently a lack of research comparing these two techniques with respect to neuromuscular demand and movement characteristics. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the muscle activation differences via surface electromyography (EMG) between the RFE vs. BS unilateral back squat techniques with equated load. METHODS: Thirteen healthy college-aged, resistance-trained male (n=10) and female (n=3) subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects visited the laboratory on two occasions separated by 5-7 days. Visit 1 included descriptive measurements and one-repetition max (1RM) testing for the RFE back squat. For visit 2, subjects performed the RFE and BS unilateral squat techniques under a load of 85% of RFE 1RM. Electromyographic assessment of the external oblique (OBL), rectus femoris (RF), gluteus maximums (GM) and biceps femoris (BF) was administered during each technique and subsequently compared. RESULTS: A paired sample t-test was used to compare mean and peak normalized root mean square (RMS) EMG between the RFE and BS techniques. There was no significant difference in mean and peak eccentric, concentric, and total activation between the RFE vs. BS for the OBL and RF. For GM, mean and peak eccentric, concentric, and total activation was greater during the RFE vs. BS (pCONCLUSION: The RFE unilateral back squat technique elicited overall greater activation of the hip extensors, GM and BF vs. BS. Based on these findings, the two unilateral squat techniques are not interchangeable from a muscle activation perspective which should be considered when employing unilateral back squat variations in training or rehabilitation programs

Electromyographic Examination of Hip and Knee Extension Hex Bar Exercises Varied by Starting Knee and Torso Angles

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(1): 541-551, 2022. Variations of the deadlift can be executed using the hexagonal (hex) bar by altering, for instance, the knee and torso angles while maintaining a constant hip angle at the start position. PURPOSE: To examine muscle activation patterns of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and erector spinae during three deadlift variations using the hex bar. METHODS: Twenty resistance-trained male and female subjects performed hex bar deadlift variations in three different starting knee flexion positions: 128.4 ± 8.5°, 111.9 ± 8.7°, and 98.3 ± 6.5°. Subjects performed three repetitions at 75% of their three-repetition maximum. Electromyography sensors were placed on the dominant biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and lumbar erector spinae. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to detect differences in mean and peak EMG values normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) (p \u3c 0.05). RESULTS: As knee flexion increased at the starting position, mean activation of the rectus femoris increased (24.7 ± 21.5 35.5 ± 25.4 62.1 ± 31.3% MVIC, p \u3c 0.001), while biceps femoris (40.6 ± 17.9 34.0 ± 16.4 28.1 ± 14.5% MVIC, p = 0.003) and erector spinae (73.0 ± 27.6 65.9 ± 34.4 54.9 ± 32.5% MVIC, p = 0.009) activation decreased. Peak activation of the rectus femoris increased (46.9 ± 33.0 60.9 ± 38.7 99.3 ± 41.6% MVIC, p \u3c 0.001) while decreasing in the erector spinae (118.6 ± 47.1 105.9 ± 49.4 89.1 ± 40.1% MVIC, p = 0.008). The rectus femoris experienced the greatest mean differences of the three muscles. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should consider the muscular goals when adjusting the starting position of a hex bar deadlift as posterior chain recruitment diminished and quadriceps activation increased as knee flexion increased

Biosorption mechanism of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution onto White Pine (Pinus durangensis) sawdust: Effect of operating conditions

In this work, the biosorption mechanism of the cationic dye Methylene Blue (MB) on natural White Pine sawdust (NS) (Pinus durangensis) was investigated. Likewise, the surface charge distribution of NS was determined, and its point of zero charge was found to be 4.3. Besides, the capacity of the NS for adsorbing MB was increased 1.7, 2.0 and 4.6 times when the pH was raised from 3 to 4.25, 3 to 7 and 3 to 10, respectively. This behavior was attributed to the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged surface of NS and the cationic species MBþ. The adsorption capacity increased with increased temperature because the adsorption was an endothermic process. The adsorption capacity was drastically reduced by increasing the ionic strength of the solution corroborating with the fact that the electrostatic attractions played a crucial role in the adsorption of MB on NS. It was also shown that the MB was chemisorbed because the adsorption was not reversible. The predominant adsorption mechanisms were the electrostatic attraction and chemisorption and not ion exchange.This work was funded by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, CONACyT, Mexico, through grants: CONAFOR-2010- C02-148302 and CB-2012-02-182779

Vascular leiomyoma of the oral cavity. Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics : presentation of five cases and review of the literature

Leiomyoma, a benign neoplasia arising from smooth muscle is an uncommon neoplasia of the oral cavity. The most common histological subtype in the oral cavity is the vascular one. To supplement information on vascular leiomyoma of the oral cavity (VLOC), we present cases of VLOC describing their clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics. Case reports. Five cases of VLOC (3 females; 2 males) from the Clinical and Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Dental School, National Autonomous University of México, are included. The most frequent clinical characteristic of VLOC was a single, asymptomatic, slow growing nodule. The age average of the cases was 40.6, however 3 out of our 5 cases were ? 40 years old at the moment of their diagnosis. The lesions were composed of fusiform cells arranged in bundles or fascicles. The neoplastic cells were characterized by eosinophilic cytoplasm and tapered nuclei. The presence of vascular spaces was prominent in all cases. The immunocharacteristics of VLOC neoplastic cells were: alpha smooth muscle (+); vimentin (+), desmin (+), CD34 (-) and S-100 protein (-). The endothelial cells of vascular spaces were CD34 (+). Differential diagnosis of VLOC with fusocellular neoplasm is discussed

Bibliometric Analysis of the Worldwide Scientific Production on COVID‑19 Infection and Cerebrovascular Disease

Objective: To identify the worldwide bibliometric characteristics of research on SARS-CoV-2 infection and cerebrovascular disease. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, and bibliometric study was performed. We analyzed 1834 publications about COVID-19 and cerebrovascular disease from the Scopus database considering the time since the beginning of the pandemic between 2019 and 2020. Bibliometric indicators were evaluated such as number of citations, citations per publication by authors, countries, journals, and collaborations at national, international, institutional, and impact levels according to Cite Score Quartile and h-index metrics. All analysis was performed using SciVal software. Results: The highest percentage of articles corresponded to universities in the United States, including Harvard and New York with 59 and 20 publications, respectively, and the University of Toronto in Canada with 22 publications. In relation to citation indicators, journals such as Stroke and Journal Stroke and Cerebrovascular diseases obtained 1971 and 561 citations, respectively. Regarding collaboration indicators, the national collaboration index was 39.4% and the institutional collaboration index was 31.1%. Finally, neurology, cardiovascular medicine, and cardiology and surgery were the subject areas with the highest research results, with 424, 217, and 128 studies, respectively. Conclusion: It was observed that the United States was the country with the highest scientific production on COVID-19 and cerebrovascular disease in the year 2020 in the different health areas; however, more research is still needed worldwide for a better analysis of the bibliometric indicators on the subject

Educating for the future: How higher education in environmental management affects pro-environmental behaviour

This study analyses whether and how environmental education determines the adoption of pro-environmental behaviours. We conducted an experiment on 222 business administration students to examine this relationship from two theoretical approaches: instrumental and emancipatory perspectives. Structural equation modelling shows that environmental education in higher education affects pro-environmental behaviour, but only in an indirect way, i.e., through the knowledge–concern–willingness model. These results confirm the emancipatory perspective of higher environmental management education in detriment of instrumental counterpart. Thus, this research sheds light on the current theoretical debate around both perspectives and it offers important implications for both educators and policy makers in designing business educational programmes

Método de selección en explantes in vitro de Opuntia sps. con resistencia a la mancha negra causada por Pseudocercospora opuntiae

The black spot cactus is caused by Pseudocercospora opuntiae a disease spread amongproduction systems. The process of pathogenesis, comprising an incubation periodof 90 d. and the development of symptoms can occur in 25 d.; however, is still limitedinformation pathosystem P. opuntiae in Opuntia sps. This study aimed to evaluate theeffect of extracellular products and spores of P. opuntiae on cactus pear under in vitroconditions. Three genotypes from zygotic embryos and two genotypes product of fieldselection which were characterized as tolerant (T) and resistant (R) to P. opuntiae wereevaluated. Opuntia in vitro seedlings were inoculated with the extracellular extract and asuspension of 108 conidia m/l, the damage at 15, 30, 45 and 60 d. post-inoculation (dpi)were evaluated. After 60 dpi symptoms occurred in explants inoculated with purefungus, while the excretion products of the fungus in liquid medium showed ability toinduce symptoms similar to fungal inoculum. These results demonstrate that P. opuntiae infected Opuntia explants under in vitro culture conditions, which could be an importanttool in the selection of resistant genotypes to black spot in Opuntia sps.La mancha negra del nopal; provocada por Pseudocercospora opuntiae es una enfermedad difundida entre los sistemas productivos de nopal. El proceso de patogénesis, comprende un período de incubación de 90 días y el desarrollo de los síntomas puede ocurrir en 25 días. Sin embargo, aún es limitada la información del patosistema de P. opuntiae en Opuntia sps. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de productos extracelulares y esporas de P. opuntiae sobre plántulas de nopal en condiciones in vitro. Se evaluó tres genotipos provenientes de embriones cigóticos y dos genotipos de selección a campo caracterizados como tolerante (T) y resistente (R) a P. opuntiae. Se inoculó plántulas de Opuntia in vitro con el extracto extracelular y una suspensión de 108 conidios ml, se evaluó el daño a los 15, 30, 45 y 60 días posterior a la inoculación (dpi). Después de 60 dpi se presentaron los síntomas en explantes inoculados con el hongo puro, mientras los productos de excreción del hongo en medio líquido mostraron capacidad de provocar síntomas similares al inóculo fúngico. Estos resultados demuestran que P. opuntiae infecta explantes de Opuntia bajo condiciones de cultivo in vitro, lo que podría ser una herramienta importante en la selección de genotipos resistentes de Opuntia sps a la mancha negra