Uma mercadoria indígena e seus paradoxos: a folha de coca em tempos de globalização

O processo de mobilização social iniciado na década de 2000 teve como protagonistas diversos setores do campesinato indígena. Esse processo culminou na eleição do cocaleiro aimará Evo Morales, que se tornou o primeiro presidente indígena da América. Findou-se, assim, um ciclo de mais de vinte anos de pactos parlamentares não transparentes e partilhas do aparelho estatal entre os partidos crioulos da vertente neoliberal e populista. Contudo, os interesses imperialistas, que envolvem corporações farmacêuticas e de multinacionais, conseguiram montar aparato de repressão contra a folha de coca, sob o argumento abstrato e hipócrita de defesa da saúde pública dos países consumidores. No outro extremo, os produtores de coca resistem a essa guerra desigual. Os cocaleiros e os distribuidores e consumidores são atores e protagonistas da modernidade indígena boliviana, assentada em mercado interno de longa data como cenário de processos de empoderamento, iniciativa histórico-cultural e descolonização. Como a maioria da população faz parte desse mercado, a resistência não se limita à luta contra a erradicação das zonas produtoras; também é preciso enfrentar os controles e proibições que pesam sobre o mercado e o estigma que se associa ao consumo da folha. O peso dessas disputas delimita cenário de conflito para o atual governo, e é necessário compreendê-las em toda a sua profundidade histórica, o que é o objetivo com este estudo

Archaeology and autonomies: the legal framework of heritage management in a new Bolivia

The 2009 Bolivian Constitution significantly changed the structure of the state and paved the way for the creation of regional, local, and even indigenous autonomies. These autonomies are charged with the management of archaeological sites and museums within their territory. This article answers the question of who currently owns the Bolivian past, it stems from concerns raised at the 2011 renewal hearing of the Memorandum of Understanding preventing the import of illicit Bolivian antiquities into the United States. By combining an analysis of recent legal changes related to the creation of the autonomies and a short discussion of a notable case study of local management of a Bolivian archaeological site, this article offers a basic summary of the legal framework in which Bolivian archaeology and heritage management functions and some preliminary recommendations for governments and professionals wishing to work with Bolivian authorities at the state and local level

Décoloniser la sociologie et la société

Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui est née à La Paz où elle est professeure émérite de sociologie à l’université publique (Universidad Mayor de San Andrés – UMSA). La Bolivie de ses activités académiques et politiques est celle des années 1970, en pleine dictature militaire, alors que surgissent des organisations paysannes indépendantes dont la rhétorique de classe s’ouvre aux perspectives indianistes. Mais c’est aussi la Bolivie d’aujourd’hui, moins d’un an après l’élection d’un gouvernement en grande..

Law in other contexts: stand bravely brothers! a report from the law wars

This essay argues against the two pillars of current research on law and globalisation, from the perspective of legal theory and political philosophy: first, the distinction between ‘well-ordered’ and ‘not so well-ordered’ societies; second, the sociological model of the subject as pacified, fearful and isolated (to sum up, in harmony). It is argued that mainstream legal theory and political philosophy merely reflects the actual rules of the game of competition, dispute and conflict. In contrast, this essay takes sides with the anthropological and philosophical tradition that conceives the subject as antagonistic and in state of lack, profoundly concerned with the other, whom she imitates and whose standpoint she must be able to share if she is to make sense of the world. Furthermore, it is argued that transitivity or imitation lies at the very origin of conflict and dispute; lack and antagonism remain thus at the core of society, in spite of the surface appearance of harmony that characterises post-modern societies. Because of this, any general theory of law and society that wishes to be relevant at the time of globalisation must make the experience of antagonism and violence, motivated by imitation and envy, and its containment, its object of study. To do this, it must abandon the dualist conception of subjects and societies expressed in the distinction between ‘well-ordered’ (more violent) and ‘not-so-well-ordered’ (less violent) societies that has informed its investigation to this day, in order to declare in the most general terms a critique of violence from the standpoint of the victim, as of a piece with its demand for global social and political justice. Description from publisher website at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=IJC&volumeId=4&issueId=02&iid=243936

Decolonising Geographical Knowledges

This piece provides an overview of decolonising approaches for geographers unfamiliar with the field, first by examining some of the ways in which decolonial scholarship seeks to build on – and go beyond - postcolonialism. Developing these points, it turns to discuss what it means to think about decolonising geography at this particular political, institutional and historical conjuncture, examining the urgencies and challenges associated in this moment particularly for British geography. The introductory intervention then moves to examine how the remaining intervention pieces understand and address the theme of decolonial scholarship and geography

Indigenous Peasant ‘Otherness’: Rural Identities and Political Processes in Bolivia

Since Morales's election, rural movements have become the new protagonists of Bolivian politics. Previous analyses have emphasised their active role in shaping national politics, often focusing on those organisations as a compact block. However, their relationship is marked by both cooperation and fragmentation. This article provides a narrative of Bolivian socio-political history over the last 60 years, establishing four main phases of identitarian articulations/disarticulations. It demonstrates the high degree of interdependence and fluidity of ethnic and class identities, as well as their interconnections with the broader socio-political context and the national legal and institutional changes

How should we analyze and present mortality in our patients?: A multicentre GCDP experience

There are different strategies to analyse mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) with different definitions for case, event, time at risk, and statistical tests. A common method for the different registries would enable proper comparison to better understand the actual differences in mortality of our patients. Methods: We review and describe the analysis strategies of regional, national and international registries. We include actuarial survival, Kaplan-Meier (KM) and competitive risk (CR) analyses. We apply different approaches to the same database (GCDP), which show apparent differences with each method. Results: A total of 1,890 incident patients in PD from 2003-2013 were included (55 years; men 64.2%), with initial RRF of 7 ml/min; 25% had diabetes and a Charlson index of 3 [2-4]; 261 patients died, 380 changed to haemodialysis (HD) and 682 received a transplant. Annual mortality rates varied up to 20% in relative numbers (6.4 vs. 5.2%) depending on the system applied. The estimated probability of mortality measured by CR progressively differs from the KM over the years: 3.6 vs. 4.0% the first year, then 9.0 vs. 11.9%, 15.6 vs. 28.3%, and 18.5 vs. 43.3% the following years. Conclusions: Although each method may be correct in themselves and express different approaches, the final impression left on the reader is a number that under/overestimates mortality. The CR model better expresses the reality of PD, where the number of patients lost to follow-up (transplant, transfer to HD) it is 4 times more than deceased patients and only a quarter remain on PD at the end of follow up.Existen distintas estrategias para analizar la mortalidad en diálisis peritoneal (DP), con diferentes definiciones de caso, evento, tiempo en riesgo y análisis estadístico. Un método común entre los distintos registros permitiría compararlos adecuadamente y entender mejor las diferencias reales de mortalidad de nuestros pacientes. Métodos: Revisamos y describimos las estrategias de análisis de los registros autonómicos, nacional e internacionales. Incluimos análisis de supervivencia actuarial, Kaplan-Meier (KM) y riesgos-competitivos (RC). Aplicamos los diferentes enfoques a la misma base de datos (GCDP), lo que permite mostrar las diferencias aparentes con cada método. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1.890 pacientes incidentes en DP en el periodo 2003-2013 (55 años; 64,2% varones), con FRR inicial de 7 ml/min; el 25% presentaba diabetes y un índice de Charlson de 3 [2–4]. Fallecieron 261 pacientes, 380 pasaron a hemodiálisis (HD) y 682 recibieron trasplante. Las tasas de mortalidad anual llegan a variar hasta un 20% en números relativos (6,4 vs. 5,2%) según el sistema aplicado. La estimación de probabilidad de mortalidad por RC es inferior a KM en todos los años: 3,6 vs. 4,0% el 1.er año; 9,0 vs. 11,9%; 15,6 vs. 28,3% y 18,5 vs. 43,3% los siguiente

Tackling Complex Inequalities and Ecuador's Buen Vivir: Leaving No-one Behind and Equality in Diversity

Ecuador's postneoliberal policy of Buen Vivir seeks to reduce social inequality and tackle complex disadvantages associated with gender, location, race-ethnicity and other social differences. The paper analyses governmental Buen Vivir policy thinking and institutional arrangements to explore how Buen Vivir frameworks approach the constitutional commitment to equality in diversity, in light of the global Sustainable Development Goal of "Leaving No-one Behind" (LNOB). In many respects Ecuador has undertaken an array of policy efforts to tackle complex inequalities, and highlights the challenges of LNOB. Situating state Buen Vivir in Ecuador's postcolonial institutionalisation , the paper examines how colonial-modern legacies of knowledge production and governance channel state Buen Vivir policy into the reproduction of exclusionary configurations of power and difference.British Academy Small grants (SG160723

The 'indigenous native peasant' trinity: imagining a plurinational community in Evo Morales's Bolivia

Over the last two decades Latin America has been a laboratory for the implementation of new models of state and citizenship. In Bolivia the (neo)liberal multicultural paradigm dominant in the 1990s has recently been replaced by a plurinational paradigm, which implies a deepening of the decentralization process and the strengthening of rights for traditionally marginalized social sectors. This paper describes the process of construction of a plurinational ‘imagined community’ and, in particular, of one of its core narratives: The ‘indigenous native peasant’. I argue that the negotiation of this collective identity and its inclusion as one of the core ideas in the new constitution is the result of a contingent strategy in response to a highly conflictive scenario, which has not been, however, able to trigger a change in the way people identify themselves. Yet in recent years, social movements’ identities have been shaped by centrifugal forces. These forces should be understood as the result of a process of collective actors’ adaptation to institutional and regulatory reforms and contribute to explaining the increase of new intrasocietal conflicts linked to the redefinition of citizenship and territorial boundaries

Indigenous peoples, the city and inclusive urban development policies in Latin America: Lessons from Bolivia and Ecuador

The historical construction of indigeneity as essentially rural policy category represents a key cause for the ongoing exclusion of urban indigenous peoples and blocks progress in delivering Agenda 2030 in Latin American cities. Even in Bolivia and Ecuador where urban indigeneity is recognised through constitutional reforms there are obstacles to the delivery of policies shaped to urban indigenous interests. By reviewing experiences from these countries, this article highlights that policy delivery problems are a result of multiple factors, including (1) rural constructions of indigeneity, (2) conflicting development priorities, and (3) difficulties in promoting universal rights while simultaneously guaranteeing indigenous rights. The article concludes with policy recommendations for more inclusive urban development approaches which leave no indigenous person behind