La iglesia de Santiago en Salamanca, arquetipo del mudéjar local. Una restauración estilística del arquitecto Anselmo Arenillas

Entre los años 1951 y 1965 el arquitecto Anselmo Arenillas Álvarez restaura la iglesia medieval de Santiago del Arrabal de Salamanca, junto al puente romano y el río Tormes, que se encontraba con algunos problemas de ruina. Ello permite realizar una reconstrucción en estilo del edificio prácticamente completa convirtiéndolo en un ejemplo ideal del románico-mudéjar salamantino.Between years 1951 and 1965 the architect Anselmo Arenillas Álvarez restores the medieval church of Santiago of the "Arrabal" in Salamanca, close to the Roman bridge and the river Tormes, which one was finding with some problems of ruin. It allows to realize a reconstruction in style of the building practically complete turning it into an ideal example of the Romanesque-Mudejar of Salamanca

Is there a hybridization barrier between Gentiana lutea color morphs?

In Gentiana lutea two varieties are described: G. lutea var. aurantiaca with orange corolla colors and G. lutea var. lutea with yellow corolla colors. Both color varieties co-occur in NW Spain, and pollinators select flower color in this species. It is not known whether a hybridization barrier exists between these G. lutea color varieties. We aim to test the compatibility between flower color varieties in G. lutea and its dependence on pollen vectors. Within a sympatric population containing both flower color morphs, we analyzed differences in reproductive success (number, weight, viability and germinability of seeds) depending on fertilization treatments (autogamy and xenogamy within variety and among varieties). We found a 93% reduction in number of seeds and a 37% reduction in seed weight respectively of autogamy treatments compared to xenogamy crossings. Additionally, reproductive success is higher within color varieties than among varieties, due to a 45% seed viability reduction on hybrids from different varieties. Our results show that G. lutea reproductive success is strongly dependent on pollinators and that a partial hybridization barrier exists between G. lutea varieties.This study is included in the project “Color polymorphism, geographic variation in the interactions and phenotypic selection. The case of Gentiana lutea L. in the Cantabrian Mountains” was financially supported by Secretary of State of I+D+I, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain (2011–2013)S

Differences in pollination success between local and foreign flower color phenotypes: a translocation experiment with Gentiana lutea (Gentianaceae)

Background. The adaptive maintenance of flower color variation is frequently at-tributed to pollinators partly because they preferentially visit certain flower phenotypes.We tested whetherGentiana lutea—which shows a flower color variation (from orangeto yellow) in the Cantabrian Mountains range (north of Spain)—is locally adapted tothe pollinator community.Methods. We transplanted orange-flowering individuals to a population with yellow-flowering individuals and vice versa, in order to assess whether there is a pollinationadvantage in the local morph by comparing its visitation rate with the foreign morph.Results. Our reciprocal transplant experiment did not show clear local morphadvantage in overall visitation rate: local orange flowers received more visits thanforeign yellow flowers in the orange population, while both local and foreign flowersreceived the same visits in the yellow population; thus, there is no evidence of localadaptation inGentiana luteato the pollinator assemblage. However, some floral visitorgroups (such asBombus pratorum,B. soroensis ancaricusandB. lapidarius decipiens)consistently preferred the local morph to the foreign morph whereas others (such asBombus terrestris) consistently preferred the foreign morph.Discussion. We concluded that there is no evidence of local adaptation to the pollinatorcommunity in each of the twoG. luteapopulations studied. The consequences forlocal adaptation to pollinator onG. luteaflower color would depend on the variationalong the Cantabrian Mountains range in morph frequency and pollinator community composition.S

Flower color preferences of insects and livestock: effects on Gentiana lutea reproductive success

Angiosperms diversification was primarily driven by pollinator agents, but non-pollinator agents also promoted floral evolution. Gentiana lutea shows pollinator driven flower color variation in NW Spain. We test whether insect herbivores and livestock, which frequently feed in G.lutea, play a role in G. lutea flower color variation, by answering the following questions: (i) Do insect herbivores and grazing livestock show flower color preferences when feeding on G. lutea? (ii) Do mutualists (pollinators) and antagonists (seed predators, insect herbivores and livestock) jointly affect G. lutea reproductive success? Insect herbivores fed more often on yellow flowering individuals but they did not affect seed production, whereas livestock affected seed production but did not show clear color preferences. Our data indicate that flower color variation of G. lutea is not affected by insect herbivores or grazing livestockThis study is included in the project “Color polymorphism, geographic variation in the interactions and phenotypic selection. The case of Gentiana lutea L in the Cantabrian Mountains,” financially supported by Secretary of State of I+D+I, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Government of Spain (2011–2013). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscriptS