Aberrant Splicing Is the Pathogenicity Mechanism of the p.Glu314Lys Variant in CYP11A1 Gene

Context: The cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first rate-limiting step of steroidogenesis. CYP11A1 mutations are associated with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) as well as disorders of sex development (DSD) in 46,XY patients.Objective: To define the pathogenicity mechanism for the p.Glu314Lys variant, previously reported, and found in four additional patients with CYP11A1 deficiency.Subjects and Methods: DNA of four patients presenting with delayed PAI and/or 46,XY DSD were studied by Sanger or Massively Parallel sequencing. Three CYP11A1 mutations were characterized in vitro and in silico, and one by mRNA analysis on testicular tissue.Results: All patients were compound heterozygous for the previously described p.Glu314Lys variant. In silico studies predicted this mutation as benign with no effect on splicing but mRNA analysis found that it led to incomplete exon 5 skipping. This mechanism was confirmed by minigene experiment. The protein carrying this mutation without exon skipping should conserve almost normal activity, according to in vitro studies. Two other mutations found in trans, the p.Arg120Gln and p.Arg465Trp, had similar activity compared to negative control, consistent with the in silico studies.Conclusions: We provide biological proof that the p. Glu314Lys variant is pathogenic due to its impact on splicing and seems responsible for the moderate phenotype of the four patients reported herein. The present study highlights the importance of considering the potential effect of a missense variant on splicing when it is not predicted to be disease causing

Functional and structural studies of CYP21A2 gene mutants in congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Le déficit en 21-hydroxylase est la cause la plus fréquente des hyperplasies congénitales des surrénales. Un grand nombre de nouvelles mutations a été trouvé dans le laboratoire qui centralise la plus grande cohorte de familles au niveau international et l’évaluation de leur sévérité était primordiale pour optimiser la prise en charge des patients (thérapeutique, conseil génétique). Grâce à l’analyse approfondie du phénotype des patients et au développement d’études fonctionnelles (in vitro, in silico), nous avons pu évaluer le retentissement de la plupart des 85 nouvelles mutations ; nous avons choisi comme témoins des mutations fréquentes de sévérité connue et nous avons comparé nos résultats avec ceux de la littérature. L’analyse plus approfondie d’une quinzaine de mutations rares a confirmé l’existence de bonnes corrélations phénotype-génotype comme ceci est décrit dans cette pathologie. Par ailleurs, les études structurales que nous avons développées ont permis d’améliorer les connaissances sur les relations structure-fonction des cytochromes P450 en général.Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect causing congenita ladrenal hyperplasia. A large number of new mutations has been detected in the laboratory, which centralizes the biggest cohort of families in the world, and evaluation of their severity wasessential to optimize the care of the patients (treatment, genetic counselling). Thanks to detailed analysis of the patients phenotype and to the development of functional studies (in vitro, in silico), we were able to evaluate the severity of most of the 85 novel mutations; we decided touse as controls frequent known mutations and to compare our results with those of literature. Themore detailed analysis of about fifteen rare mutations confirmed the existence of goodcorrelations phenotype-genotype as this is described in this pathology. Moreover, the structural studies we developed led to improve the knowledge on structure-function relationship of theP450 cytochromes family

Études fonctionnelles et structurales des mutants du gène CYP21A2 dans l’hyperplasie congénitale des surrénales

Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect causing congenita ladrenal hyperplasia. A large number of new mutations has been detected in the laboratory, which centralizes the biggest cohort of families in the world, and evaluation of their severity wasessential to optimize the care of the patients (treatment, genetic counselling). Thanks to detailed analysis of the patients phenotype and to the development of functional studies (in vitro, in silico), we were able to evaluate the severity of most of the 85 novel mutations; we decided touse as controls frequent known mutations and to compare our results with those of literature. Themore detailed analysis of about fifteen rare mutations confirmed the existence of goodcorrelations phenotype-genotype as this is described in this pathology. Moreover, the structural studies we developed led to improve the knowledge on structure-function relationship of theP450 cytochromes family.Le déficit en 21-hydroxylase est la cause la plus fréquente des hyperplasies congénitales des surrénales. Un grand nombre de nouvelles mutations a été trouvé dans le laboratoire qui centralise la plus grande cohorte de familles au niveau international et l’évaluation de leur sévérité était primordiale pour optimiser la prise en charge des patients (thérapeutique, conseil génétique). Grâce à l’analyse approfondie du phénotype des patients et au développement d’études fonctionnelles (in vitro, in silico), nous avons pu évaluer le retentissement de la plupart des 85 nouvelles mutations ; nous avons choisi comme témoins des mutations fréquentes de sévérité connue et nous avons comparé nos résultats avec ceux de la littérature. L’analyse plus approfondie d’une quinzaine de mutations rares a confirmé l’existence de bonnes corrélations phénotype-génotype comme ceci est décrit dans cette pathologie. Par ailleurs, les études structurales que nous avons développées ont permis d’améliorer les connaissances sur les relations structure-fonction des cytochromes P450 en général

New management strategy of pregnancies at risk of congenital adrenal hyperplasia using fetal sex determination in maternal serum: French cohort of 258 cases (2002-2011)

International audienceCONTEXT: Prenatal dexamethasone (DEX) treatment has been proposed since 1984 to prevent genital virilization in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). DEX is effective in CAH females if initiated before the sixth week of gestation, but its safety in children treated in utero remains controversial regarding cognitive functions.OBJECTIVE: To avoid prenatal DEX in males and initiate DEX in due time in CAH females, we proposed in 2002 a protocol for fetal sex determination in the maternal serum (SRY test).DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a retrospective study of the management of 258 fetuses in the period 2002 through 2011 in pregnancies managed in referent medical centers with an institutional practice. PATIENTS: A total of 258 fetuses at risk of CAH (134 males and 124 females) were included.INTERVENTION: DEX was offered after informed consent to pregnant women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The sensitivity of an early SRY test was evaluated after data collection.RESULTS: The SRY test is sensitive from 4 weeks and 5 days of gestation. It avoided prenatal DEX in 68% of males, and this percentage increased over the years. DEX was maintained until prenatal diagnosis in non-CAH females. Virilization was prevented in 12 CAH girls treated at the latest at 6 weeks gestation and minimized in 3 girls treated between 6 and 7 weeks gestation. Maternal tolerance was correct. No fetal malformations were noted in the 154 children treated in utero.CONCLUSIONS: The SRY test is reliable to avoid prenatal DEX in males, but its application must be improved. Prenatal DEX should be maintained to prevent virilization and traumatic surgery in CAH girls after informed consent and information provided to families about the benefit to risk ratio in limiting hyperandrogenism during fetal life. Our large multicentric French cohort has helped to better assess the risks previously reported

Novel Intronic Mutation in VMA21 Causing Severe Phenotype of X-Linked Myopathy with Excessive Autophagy—Case Report

X-linked Myopathy with Excessive Autophagy (XMEA) is a rare autophagic vacuolar myopathy caused by mutations in the Vacuolar ATPase assembly factor VMA21 gene; onset usually occurs during childhood and rarely occurs during adulthood. We described a 22-year-old patient with XMEA, whose onset was declared at 11 through gait disorder. He had severe four-limb proximal weakness and amyotrophy, and his proximal muscle MRC score was between 2 and 3/5 in four limbs; creatine kinase levels were elevated (1385 IU/L), and electroneuromyography and muscle MRI were suggestive of myopathy. Muscle biopsy showed abnormalities typical of autophagic vacuolar myopathy. We detected a hemizygous, unreported, intronic, single-nucleotide substitution c.164-20T>A (NM_001017980.4) in intron 2 of the VMA21 gene. Fibroblasts derived from this patient displayed a reduced level of VMA21 transcripts (at 40% of normal) and protein, suggesting a pathogenicity related to an alteration of the splicing efficiency associated with an intron retention. This patient with XMEA displayed a severe phenotype (rapid weakness of upper and lower limbs) due to a new intronic variant of VMA21, related to an alteration in the splicing efficiency associated with intron retention, suggesting that phenotype severity is closely related to the residual expression of the VMA21 protein

Immune-Mediated Rippling Muscle Disease Associated With Thymoma and Anti-MURC/Cavin-4 Autoantibodies

International audienceObjectives Rippling muscle disease (RMD) is characterized by muscle stiffness, muscle hypertrophy, and rippling muscle induced by stretching or percussion. Hereditary RMD is due to sequence variants in the CAV3 and PTRF/CAVIN1 genes encoding Caveolin-3 or Cavin-1, respectively; a few series of patients with acquired autoimmune forms of RMD (iRMD) associated with AChR antibody–positive myasthenia gravis and/or thymoma have also been described. Recently, MURC/caveolae-associated protein 4 (Cavin-4) autoantibody was identified in 8 of 10 patients without thymoma, highlighting its potential both as a biomarker and as a triggering agent of this pathology. Here, we report the case of a patient with iRMD-AchR antibody negative associated with thymoma. Methods We suspected a paraneoplastic origin and investigated the presence of specific autoantibodies targeting muscle antigens through a combination of Western blotting and affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry–based proteomic approaches. Results We identified circulating MURC/Cavin-4 autoantibodies and found strong similarities between histologic features of the patient's muscle and those commonly reported in caveolinopathies. Strikingly, MURC/Cavin-4 autoantibody titer strongly decreased after tumor resection and immunotherapy correlating with complete disappearance of the rippling phenotype and full patient remission. Discussion MURC/Cavin-4 autoantibodies may play a pathogenic role in paraneoplastic iRMD associated with thymoma

Clinical and Molecular Spectrum Associated with COL6A3 c.7447A>G p.(Lys2483Glu) Variant: Elucidating its Role in Collagen VI-related Myopathies

International audienceBackground: Dominant and recessive autosomal pathogenic variants in the three major genes (COL6A1-A2-A3) encoding the extracellular matrix protein collagen VI underlie a group of myopathies ranging from early-onset severe conditions (Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy) to milder forms maintaining independent ambulation (Bethlem myopathy). Diagnosis is based on the combination of clinical presentation, muscle MRI, muscle biopsy, analysis of collagen VI secretion, and COL6A1-A2-A3 genetic analysis, the interpretation of which can be challenging. Objective: To refine the phenotypical spectrum associated with the frequent COL6A3 missense variant c.7447A>G (p.Lys2483Glu). Methods: We report the clinical and molecular findings in 16 patients: 12 patients carrying this variant in compound heterozygosity with another COL6A3 variant, and four homozygous patients. Results: Patients carrying this variant in compound heterozygosity with a truncating COL6A3 variant exhibit a phenotype consistent with COL6-related myopathies (COL6-RM), with joint contractures, proximal weakness and skin abnormalities. All remain ambulant in adulthood and only three have mild respiratory involvement. Most show typical muscle MRI findings. In five patients, reduced collagen VI secretion was observed in skin fibroblasts cultures. All tested parents were unaffected heterozygous carriers. Conversely, two out of four homozygous patients did not present with the classical COL6-RM clinical and imaging findings. Collagen VI immunolabelling on cultured fibroblasts revealed rather normal secretion in one and reduced secretion in another. Muscle biopsy from one homozygous patient showed myofibrillar disorganization and rimmed vacuoles. Conclusions: In light of our results, we postulate that the COL6A3 variant c.7447A>G may act as a modulator of the clinical phenotype. Thus, in patients with a typical COL6-RM phenotype, a second variant must be thoroughly searched for, while for patients with atypical phenotypes further investigations should be conducted to exclude alternative causes. This works expands the clinical and molecular spectrum of COLVI-related myopathies