Matturister og Stavanger som en kulinarisk by

Lokal mat er noe man hører stadig om, det er noe som blir oppsøkt og ettertraktet i flere steder i verden. Det bidrar til arbeidsplasser og er et mer bærekraftig alternativ som man kan velge isteden for mat som blir stor produsert. I tillegg til dette så bidrar lokal mat med turisme og kan gjøre en turistdestinasjon mer attraktiv, det bidrar også med kunnskap og historie om destinasjonen. Det er en mangel på forskning innenfor temaet om forholdet mellom lokal mat og turisme, noe som er en av grunnene til oppgavens tema. Oppgaven besvarer problemstillingen: ”Hvilke turister interesserer seg for lokal mat og hvordan kan Stavanger bli en mer attraktiv matdestinasjon?”. Dette spørsmålet ble besvart ved hjelp av en spørreundersøkelse for å undersøke holdningene turister har mot lokal mat og Stavanger. De viktigste resultatene av denne oppgaven var at det er tydelig at Stavanger trenger et større utvalg av lokal mat for å bli mer attraktiv, gjerne da restauranter i ulike prisklasser. I tillegg til dette så er det i all hovedsak menn som interesserer seg for lokal mat og det er den gruppen Stavanger burde markedsføre seg mot. Resultatene var ekstra interessante da de skiller seg fra tidligere forskning. Nøkkelord: lokal mat, foodies, matdestinasjon og matturism

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Skriftlig del av masterprosjekt. Avdeling Kunst og håndverk, 202

Brottmålsprocesser rörande patentintrång – En studie av utsikterna för en effektivare tillämpning av patentlagens straffsanktion

Ett patent är en immateriell rättighet som medför en ensamrätt för patenthavaren att dra affärsmässig nytta av en viss uppfinning under en begränsad tidsperiod. Den som kränker patenthavarens ensamrätt gör sig skyldig till patentintrång. Vid patentintrång tillhandahåller den svenska patentlagen (1967:837) ett antal olika sanktionsmöjligheter. De primära civilrättsliga sanktionsformerna utgörs av patenthavarens möjlighet att väcka en skadeståndstalan mot intrångsgöraren samt möjligheten att yrka på förbud för intrångsgöraren att vid vite fortsätta intrånget (vitesförbud). Som alternativ till dessa sanktionsformer kan patentintrång enligt 57 § patentlagen även bekämpas på straffrättslig väg. Patenthavarens talan om intrång förs då av allmän åklagare inom ramen för en brottmålsprocess, vilken bekostas av staten. På senare år har det blivit allt vanligare att enskilda patenthavare utsätts för grova och systematiska intrång. Många gånger saknar de drabbade patenthavarna emellertid ekonomiska resurser för att tillvarata sin rätt på civilrättslig väg, eftersom patentprocesser ofta är mycket kostsamma att handlägga i domstol. Samtidigt har allmänt åtal aldrig väckts för patent-intrång sedan patentlagens tillkomst år 1967. Detta får följden att många intrångsdrabbade patenthavare i praktiken saknar rättsligt skydd. I denna uppsats har möjligheten att åstadkomma en ökad bekämpning av patentintrång med stöd av patentlagens straffbestämmelse undersökts. Undersökningens syfte är att utvärdera huruvida patentlagens straffbestämmelse har potential att fungera som ett kvalificerat komplement till patenthavares civilrättsliga möjlighet att erhålla skadestånd från intrångsgörare. Inom ramen för syftet har straffbestämmelsens tilltänkta ändamål samt dess inneboende potential att kunna utgöra ett effektivt sanktionsmedel mot patentintrång undersökts närmare. Undersökningen innefattar därutöver också en granskning av i vilken utsträckning patentlagens straffsanktion kan anses vara förenlig med sådana allmänna kriminaliseringsprinciper som bör styra användningen av straffrätt som samhällelig kontrollmetod. Undersökningens resultat visar att patentlagens straffsanktion av flera skäl saknar utsikter att kunna tillämpas effektivt. Den mest framträdande anledningen till detta synes vara att den konventionsfästa tolkningsmetod som ska användas för att fastställa ett patents skyddsomfång hamnar i konflikt med straffrättens legalitetsprincip. Vidare förefaller de höga beviskrav som gäller för brottmål jämfört med civilmål få en starkt begränsande inverkan på utsikterna för en fällande dom i straffrättsliga patentmål. Detta förhållande uppstår huvudsakligen som en följd av patentmålens komplexa natur. Patentmålens komplexitet förefaller också leda till att flera av rättegångsbalkens undantagsbestämmelser beträffande åklagarens skyldighet att föra patenthavarens talan i ersättningsfrågan blir tillämpliga. Beträffande straffbestämmelsens förenlighet med allmänna principer för kriminalisering visar resultatet av undersökningen att straffbudet uppfyller de kriterier som avser skyddsintresse och skada. Däremot lever bestämmelsen inte upp till de kriterier som ställs på en kriminaliserings ändamål, effektivitet och legalitet. Sammanfattningsvis leder undersökningen därmed till den övergripande slutsatsen att patentlagens straff-bestämmelse saknar potential att kunna utgöra ett kvalificerat komplement till patenthavares civilrättsliga möjlighet att erhålla skadestånd från intrångsgörare.A patent is a kind of intellectual property right that grants the patent holder an exclusive right to profit from a certain invention for a limited time period. Anyone who violates the patent holder's exclusive right is guilty of patent infringement. In cases of patent infringement the Swedish Patent Act (patentlag 1967: 837) provides a number of different sanction options. The primary civil sanctions comprise the patent holder's right to claim compensation for damages along with the possibility to demand that the court prohibits the infringer to continue his actions under the penalty of a fine. As an alternative to these sanctions, section 57 of the Swedish Patent Act also provides the option to take measures against infringers through public prosecutions. In such situations the infringements are handled as criminal cases. In recent years, the number of patent holders who become subjected to serious infringements has increased substantially. In many of these cases, however, the patent holders lack financial means to commence an action for damages due to high litigation costs. Meanwhile, no public prosecutions have been commenced regarding patent infringement since the Swedish Patent Act was established in 1967. These circumstances altogether create a situation where patent holders practically lack legal protection. In this study, the penal provision in section 57 of the Swedish Patent Act has been analysed in order to identify problems concerning its’ applicability in practice. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate whether the penal provision has the potential to serve as a qualified complement to the civil sanction regarding patent holders’ opportunities to receive compensation from infringers. In the context of the purpose, the initial motives for introducing the provision has been examined more closely as well as the provision’s inherent potential to constitute an effective sanction against infringers. The study also include a review of to which extent the penal provision can be considered to comply with such general principles of criminalization that govern the use of criminal law as a method for social control. The outcome of the study suggests that the penal provision, for a number of reasons, lack prospects of efficient application. The most prominent reason for this seems be that the interpretation method used for determining the scope of protection of a patent conflicts with the application of the principle of legality of criminal justice. Furthermore, the high standards of proof applicable to criminal cases compared to civil cases have a strong limiting effect on the prospects of a guilty verdict in criminal cases concerning patent infringement. This state of affairs appears mainly as a result of the complex nature of the patent cases. The complicated nature of the patent cases also seems to bring up to date the exemption regulations of the Code of Judicial Procedure (rättegångsbalk 1942:740) concerning the prosecutor’s duty to appear for the patent holder regarding the action for damages. Regarding the penal provision’s compliance with the general principles of criminalization, the study outcome suggests that the provision meet the criteria concerning the principles regarding interests worthy of protection and harm. On the other hand, the penal provision does not meet the criteria concerning the principles regarding underlying purpose, efficiency and legality. Based on the results mentioned above, I’ve come to the conclusion that the penal provision in section 57 of the Swedish Patent Act lacks adequate potential to serve as a qualified complement to the civil sanction regarding patent holders’ opportunities to receive compensation from infringers

Comparison of oxidative stress levels among patients with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG) and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) closure glaucoma (PACG)

Introduction: Oxidative stress has been postulated to cause retinal ganglion cells death, trabecular meshwork degeneration leading resistance of aqueous outflow. Subsequently, it may lead to IOP elevation and glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Thus, it is worthwhile to look for the oxidative stress level in glaucoma patients. Detection of oxidative stress level in ocular tissue may perhaps provide insight into a role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of glaucoma. Objective: Our objective was to compare the oxidative stress level in tears between glaucoma and agematched controls. The comparison of SOD, catalase and MDA level between POAG and PACG patients were also conducted. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted between May 2014 and November 2015 involving patients with confirmed diagnosis of POAG and PACG attending eye clinic of two tertiary hospitals in Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun. Age-match non glaucoma patients were recruited as controls. The detail medical history, ocular history and drug history such as antioxidant supplement were obtained through direct questioning from patients and medical record. Complete ophthalmic evaluations were conducted including Humphrey visual field analysis. Tear samples collected by using schirmer paper. Laboratory analysis was performed to test on SOD, catalase and MDA level of tears using commercially available immunological kits. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS Inc Version 20). Independent ttest was used to compare the SOD, catalase and MDA level in tears between glaucoma and controls. Results: A total of 62 POAG patients, 57 PACG patients and 72 controls were recruited. Patients with glaucoma were older. Mean SOD and catalase level were slightly higher in glaucoma patients as compared to controls. Meanwhile mean MDA level was slightly lower in glaucoma patients compared with controls. However, there was no significant difference of SOD level (p=0.191), catalase level (p=0.259) and MDA level (p=0.309) between glaucoma and controls using multivariate analysis. There was no significant difference of SOD, catalase and MDA level between POAG and PACG patients. However, mean SOD activity was statistically significant higher in patients with POAG compared to controls after adjusting confounding factors (351.67 U/ml vs 315.12 U/ml), p=0.006) . Conclusions Quantification of oxidative stress level in tears is non invasive and easy. Catalase and MDA may not a play role in oxidative stress in glaucoma. SOD is a potential oxidative stress marker for POAG

Οι εγγυήσεις επιβολής διοικητικών κυρώσεων

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία παρουσιάζει την έννοια και τη λειτουργία των διοικητικών κυρώσεων καθώς και τις βασικές εγγυήσεις που πρέπει να ισχύουν για την πρόβλεψη και επιβολή αυτών. H συνεχής διεύρυνση του πεδίου των διοικητικών κυρώσεων και οι ιδιαιτέρως δυσμενείς συνέπειες που προκαλούν στον διοικούμενο αναδεικνύουν αφενός τις συνταγματικές διαστάσεις του ζητήματος, αφετέρου τη συμβολή των υπερεθνικών δεσμεύσεων της χώρας, ενόψει της συμμετοχής της στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση και την κύρωση από αυτήν της Ευρωπαϊκής Σύμβασης Δικαιωμάτων του Ανθρώπου (ΕΣΔΑ). Ειδικότερα και στο πλαίσιο εξέτασης των επιμέρους αρχών και δικαιωμάτων, τα οποία απαιτείται να εφαρμόζονται κατά την πρόβλεψη και επιβολή διοικητικών κυρώσεων, ανακύπτει το ζήτημα της εφαρμογής των αρχών του ποινικού δικαίου στις διοικητικές κυρώσεις, στην περίπτωση που τυποποιείται μια συμπεριφορά ως ποινικό αδίκημα και ταυτόχρονα ως διοικητική παράβαση. Καθοριστικό παράγοντα στη θεμελίωση της ως άνω θέσης, διαδραμάτισε το Ευρωπαϊκό Δικαστήριο Δικαιωμάτων του Ανθρώπου, το οποίο εισήγαγε νέες παραμέτρους στην μέχρι τότε οπτική των ελληνικών δικαστηρίων. Μάλιστα, το ζήτημα της εφαρμογής των εγγυήσεων της ποινικής δίκης στη διοικητική κατέχει ακόμη μεγαλύτερη σημασία ενόψει της αυστηρότητας των διοικητικών κυρώσεων, η οποία συχνά υπερβαίνει και τη βαρύτητα των ποινικών κυρώσεων. Συνεπώς, κρίνεται απαραίτητο να εφαρμόζονται όλες εκείνες οι εγγυήσεις και οι κανόνες, που απορρέουν από το Σύνταγμα, την ΕΣΔΑ και το Χάρτη Θεμελιωδών Δικαιωμάτων της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, ώστε η άσκηση της κρατικής κυρωτικής λειτουργίας να μην καταστεί ανεξέλεγκτη, στο βωμού του δημοσίου συμφέροντος, αλλά να τηρεί το σεβασμό τόσο στις συνταγματικές όσο και στις υπερνομοθετικές της υποχρεώσεις.This thesis presents the concept and function of administrative sanctions as well as the basic safeguards that must be in place for their provision and enforcement. The continuous widening of the scope of administrative sanctions and the particularly adverse consequences they cause to the administered party highlight, on the one hand, the constitutional dimensions of the issue and, on the other hand, the contribution of the country's supranational commitments in view of its participation in the European Union and its ratification of the European Convention on Human Rights . In particular, and in the context of examining the individual principles and rights that are required to be applied in the provision and enforcement of administrative sanctions, the question arises as to what is required to be applied in the provision and enforcement of administrative sanctions. The European Court of Human Rights played a decisive role in the establishment of the above position, which introduced new parameters in the perspective of the Greek courts. Indeed, the issue of the application of the guarantees of criminal procedure to administrative procedure is even more important in view of the severity of administrative sanctions, which often exceeds the severity of criminal sanctions. It is therefore necessary to apply all the guarantees and rules deriving from the Constitution, the European Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, so that the exercise of the State's sanctioning function does not go unchecked, on the altar of the public interest, but respects both its constitutional and supra-legislative obligations