Разработка схемы очистки сточных вод от нефтепродуктов

В дипломной работе рассмотрены происхождение, состав, показатели качества сточных вод, методы очистки сточных вод от нефтепродуктов. Проведены исследования качества сточных вод. Разработаны наиболее эффективные методы очистки сточных вод от нефтепродуктов.The thesis examines the origin, composition, quality indicators of wastewater, methods of wastewater treatment from petroleum products. Research wastewater quality water The most effective methods for treating wastewater from oil products have been developed

European Atlas of Natural Radiation

Natural ionizing radiation is considered as the largest contributor to the collective effective dose received by the world population. The human population is continuously exposed to ionizing radiation from several natural sources that can be classified into two broad categories: high-energy cosmic rays incident on the Earth’s atmosphere and releasing secondary radiation (cosmic contribution); and radioactive nuclides generated during the formation of the Earth and still present in the Earth’s crust (terrestrial contribution). Terrestrial radioactivity is mostly produced by the uranium and thorium radioactive families together with potassium. In most circumstances, radon, a noble gas produced in the radioactive decay of uranium, is the most important contributor to the total dose. This Atlas aims to present the current state of knowledge of natural radioactivity, by giving general background information, and describing its various sources. This reference material is complemented by a collection of maps of Europe displaying the levels of natural radioactivity caused by different sources. It is a compilation of contributions and reviews received from more than 80 experts in their field: they come from universities, research centres, national and European authorities and international organizations. This Atlas provides reference material and makes harmonized datasets available to the scientific community and national competent authorities. In parallel, this Atlas may serve as a tool for the public to: • familiarize itself with natural radioactivity; • be informed about the levels of natural radioactivity caused by different sources; • have a more balanced view of the annual dose received by the world population, to which natural radioactivity is the largest contributor; • and make direct comparisons between doses from natural sources of ionizing radiation and those from man-made (artificial) ones, hence to better understand the latter.JRC.G.10-Knowledge for Nuclear Security and Safet

Variation in airborne 137^{137}Cs peak levels with altitude from high-altitude locations across Europe after the arrival of Fukushima-labeled air masses

International audienceDuring the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) accident, a dozen of high-altitude aerosol sampling stations, located between 850 and 3,454 m above sea level (a.s.l.), provided airborne activity levels across Europe (Fig. 1). This represents at most 5% of the total number of aerosol sampling locations that delivered airborne activity levels (at least one result) in Europe, in connection with this nuclear accident. High altitude stations are typically equipped with a high volume sampler that collects aerosols on filters. The Fukushima-labeled air mass arrival and the peak of airborne cesium-137 (137Cs) activity levels were registered in Europe at different dates depending on the location, with differences up to a factor of six on a regional scale. Besides this statement related to lowland areas, we have compared the maximum airborne levels registered at high-altitude European locations (850 m < altitudes < 3450 m) with what was observed at the closest lowland location. The vertical distribution of 137Cs peak level was not uniform even after a long travel time/distance from Japan. This being true at least in the atmospheric boundary layer and in the lower free troposphere. Moreover the relation '137Csmax vs. altitude' shows a decreasing trend (Fig. 2)

Cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane and low-dose S-ketamine or medetomidine infusions

OBJECTIVES To evaluate cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane receiving medetomidine or S-ketamine infusions. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS Fifty horses undergoing elective surgery. METHODS After acepromazine and flunixin meglumine premedication, horses received medetomidine (7 μg kg(-1) ) intravenously (IV). Anaesthesia was induced with midazolam and racemic ketamine (Med treatment group; 2.2 mg kg(-1) ; n = 25) or S-ketamine (S-ket treatment group; 1.1 mg kg(-1) ; n = 25) IV and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and medetomidine (Med; 3.5 μg kg(-1) hour(-1) ) or S-ketamine (S-ket; 0.5 mg kg(-1) hour(-1) ). All horses were mechanically ventilated. Cardiopulmonary variables were evaluated. Isoflurane end-tidal concentrations (Fe'Iso), dobutamine requirements and thiopental boli were recorded. Plasma samples were collected in six horses to evaluate S-ketamine and S-norketamine concentrations. After surgery, medetomidine 2 μg kg(-1) was administered IV. Four independent observers scored recovery using a visual analogue scale and a numerical rating scale. RESULTS Both groups required similar mean Fe'Iso (1%). However, S-ket horses needed more thiopental boli. Median intraoperative cardiac index values were higher with S-ket (4.5 L minute(-1)  m(-2) ) than Med (3.9 L minute(-1)  m(-2) ). Overall, there were no differences in heart rate, blood pressure or dobutamine requirements; however, horses in S-ket showed higher heart rate values at 30 minutes after anaesthesia induction. Compared with Med horses, S-ket horses showed decreased PaO2 and increased pulmonary venous admixture values estimated with the Fshunt calculation. Recoveries were shorter and of poorer quality with S-ket. During infusion, S-ketamine and S-norketamine plasma concentrations lay in the ranges of 0.209-0.917 μg mL(-1) and 0.250-0.723 μg mL(-1) , respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite the higher intraoperative cardiac index with S-ket, both protocols were considered to provide acceptable cardiovascular function. However, recovery quality was significantly better in the Med group

Variation in airborne 137^{137}Cs peak levels with altitude from high-altitude locations across Europe after the arrival of Fukushima-labeled air masses

International audienceDuring the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) accident, a dozen of high-altitude aerosol sampling stations, located between 850 and 3,454 m above sea level (a.s.l.), provided airborne activity levels across Europe (Fig. 1). This represents at most 5% of the total number of aerosol sampling locations that delivered airborne activity levels (at least one result) in Europe, in connection with this nuclear accident. High altitude stations are typically equipped with a high volume sampler that collects aerosols on filters. The Fukushima-labeled air mass arrival and the peak of airborne cesium-137 (137Cs) activity levels were registered in Europe at different dates depending on the location, with differences up to a factor of six on a regional scale. Besides this statement related to lowland areas, we have compared the maximum airborne levels registered at high-altitude European locations (850 m < altitudes < 3450 m) with what was observed at the closest lowland location. The vertical distribution of 137Cs peak level was not uniform even after a long travel time/distance from Japan. This being true at least in the atmospheric boundary layer and in the lower free troposphere. Moreover the relation '137Csmax vs. altitude' shows a decreasing trend (Fig. 2)

Cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane and low‐dose S‐ketamine or medetomidine infusions

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cardiopulmonary effects and anaesthesia recovery quality in horses anaesthetized with isoflurane receiving medetomidine or S-ketamine infusions. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: Fifty horses undergoing elective surgery. METHODS: After acepromazine and flunixin meglumine premedication, horses received medetomidine (7 μg kg-1 ) intravenously (IV). Anaesthesia was induced with midazolam and racemic ketamine (Med treatment group; 2.2 mg kg-1 ; n = 25) or S-ketamine (S-ket treatment group; 1.1 mg kg-1 ; n = 25) IV and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and medetomidine (Med; 3.5 μg kg-1 hour-1 ) or S-ketamine (S-ket; 0.5 mg kg-1 hour-1 ). All horses were mechanically ventilated. Cardiopulmonary variables were evaluated. Isoflurane end-tidal concentrations (Fe'Iso), dobutamine requirements and thiopental boli were recorded. Plasma samples were collected in six horses to evaluate S-ketamine and S-norketamine concentrations. After surgery, medetomidine 2 μg kg-1 was administered IV. Four independent observers scored recovery using a visual analogue scale and a numerical rating scale. RESULTS: Both groups required similar mean Fe'Iso (1%). However, S-ket horses needed more thiopental boli. Median intraoperative cardiac index values were higher with S-ket (4.5 L minute-1 m-2 ) than Med (3.9 L minute-1 m-2 ). Overall, there were no differences in heart rate, blood pressure or dobutamine requirements; however, horses in S-ket showed higher heart rate values at 30 minutes after anaesthesia induction. Compared with Med horses, S-ket horses showed decreased PaO2 and increased pulmonary venous admixture values estimated with the Fshunt calculation. Recoveries were shorter and of poorer quality with S-ket. During infusion, S-ketamine and S-norketamine plasma concentrations lay in the ranges of 0.209-0.917 μg mL-1 and 0.250-0.723 μg mL-1 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Despite the higher intraoperative cardiac index with S-ket, both protocols were considered to provide acceptable cardiovascular function. However, recovery quality was significantly better in the Med group

A climatology of 7Be at four high-altitude stations at the Alps and the Northern Apennines

The 7Be activity concentrations measured from 1996 to 1998 at four high-altitude stations, Jungfraujoch-Switzerland, Zugspitze-Germany, Sonnblick-Austria and Mt. Cimone-Italy, were analyzed in combination with a set of, meteorological and atmospheric parameters such as the tropopause height, relative and specific humidity and also in conjunction with 3D back-trajectories in order to investigate the climatological features of 7Be. A frequency distribution analysis on 7Be activity concentrations revealed the existence of two concentration classes around 1.5 and 6mBqm-3 and a transition class between the two modes of the distribution at 3-4mBqm-3. Cross-correlation analysis performed between 7Be and a number of meteorological and atmospheric parameters at the first three stations showed a strong negative correlation with relative humidity (-0.56, -0.51, -0.41) indicating the importance of wet scavenging as a controlling mechanism. Also, the positive correlation with the height of 3-days back-trajectories and tropopause height (+0.49/+0.43, +0.59/+0.36, +0.44/+0.38) shows that downward transport from the upper or middle to lower troposphere within anticyclonic conditions plays also an important role. Trajectory statistics showed that low 7Be concentrations typically originate from lower-altitude subtropical ocean areas, while high concentrations arrive from the north and high altitudes, as is characteristic for stratospheric intrusions. Although the 7Be activity concentrations are highly episodic, the monthly means indicate an annual cycle with a late-summer maximum at all stations. The correlation coefficients calculated for monthly means of the 7Be and atmospheric data suggest that the main predictor controlling the seasonality of the 7Be concentrations is tropopause height (+0.76, +0.56, +0.60), reflecting more vertical transport from upper tropospheric levels into the lower troposphere during the warm season than during the cold season. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Variation in airborne 134Cs, 137Cs, particulate 131I and 7Be maximum activities at high-altitude European locations after the arrival of Fukushima-labeled air masses

The Fukushima-labeled air mass arrival, and later the cesium-134 (134Cs), cesium-137 (137Cs) and particulate iodine-131 (hereafter noted 131Ip) maximum levels were registered in Europe at different dates depending on the location. Most of those data were obtained at low-altitude sampling areas. Here, we compare the airborne levels registered at different high-altitude European locations (from 850 m to about 3500 m). The integrated 137Cs activity concentration was not uniform with regard to the altitude even after a long travel time/distance from Japan. Moreover, the relation of integrated 137Cs vs. altitude showed a linear decrease up to an altitude of about 3000 m. A similar trend was noticed for 131Ip (particulate fraction) while it increased above 3000 m. Comparison with 7Be activity concentration showed that, as far as the high altitude location is concerned, the 137Cs and 134Cs maximum concentrations corresponded to the 7Be maximum, suggesting downdraft movements from high tropospheric or stratospheric layers to be responsible for 137,134Cs increase and peak values. This was also confirmed by high potential vorticity and low relative humidity registered during the peak values

The Potsdam radon communication manifesto

Risk communication efforts to mitigate the second cause of lung cancer worldwide (after tobacco smoking) – the radioactive gas radon in buildings – are often ineffective. Therefore, new European legal requirements bind member states to prepare communication strategies to ‘… increase public awareness and inform local decision makers, employers and employees of the risks of radon…’ (Council directive 2013/59/EURATOM, ANNEX XVIII/(10)). This manifesto is written to support states to prepare an effective and efficient communication strategy and to avoid the main pitfalls in radon communication. It is based on the discussions that took place at a Workshop on Radon Risk Communication, organized by the German Federal Office of Radiation Protection (BfS) and hosted by the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies IASS in Potsdam, Germany from 8 to 10 of October 2019. The authors present a strategic view on the concrete measures that may be taken by authorities, experts and scientists to communicate the risk of radon to human health and to promote radon protection actions more effectively.ISSN:1366-9877ISSN:1466-446

Size Distributions of Airborne Radionuclides from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident at Several Places in Europe

Segregation and radioactive analysis of aerosols according to their aerodynamic size were performed in France, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, and Greece after the arrival of contaminated air masses following the nuclear accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant in March 2011. On the whole and regardless of the location, the highest activity levels correspond either to the finest particle fraction or to the upper size class. Regarding anthropogenic radionuclides, the activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) ranged between 0.25 and 0.71 μm for ¹³⁷Cs, from 0.17 to 0.69 μm for ¹³⁴Cs, and from 0.30 to 0.53 μm for ¹³¹I, thus in the “accumulation mode” of the ambient aerosol (0.1–1 μm). AMAD obtained for the naturally occurring radionuclides ⁷Be and ²¹⁰Pb ranged from 0.20 to 0.53 μm and 0.29 to 0.52 μm, respectively. Regarding spatial variations, AMADs did not show large differences from place to place compared with what was observed concerning bulk airborne levels registered on the European scale. When air masses arrived in Europe, AMADs for ¹³¹I were about half those for cesium isotopes. Higher AMAD for cesium probably results from higher AMAD observed at the early stage of the accident in Japan. Lower AMAD for ¹³¹I can be explained by the adsorption of gaseous iodine on particles of all sizes met during transport, especially for small particles. Additionally, weathering conditions (rain) encountered during transport and in Europe in March and April contributed to the equilibrium of the gaseous to total ¹³¹I ratio. AMAD slightly increased with time for ¹³¹I whereas a clear decreasing trend was observed with the AMADs for ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs. On average, the associated geometric standard deviation (GSD) appeared to be higher for iodine than for cesium isotopes. These statements also bear out a gaseous ¹³¹I transfer on ambient particles of a broad size range during transport. Highest weighted activity levels were found on the 0.49–0.95 μm and on the 0.18–0.36 μm size ranges in France and in Poland, respectively. The contribution from resuspension of old deposited ¹³⁷Cs was assessed for the coarse particle fractions only for the first sampling week