Witches' broom disease of cocoa : genome organization, genetic variability and anlysis of the identity and expression of pathogenicity genes of the fungal pathogen Crinipellis perniciosa

Orientador: Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães PereiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: A Vassoura-de-Bruxa do cacaueiro constitui um patosistema complexo e até o momento não foi estabelecido um plano de controle efetivo na região produtora da Bahia. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi aprimorar os conhecimentos sobre a interação C. perniciosa-Cacaueiro com informações referentes à: 1) tamanho e organização do genoma através da obtenção do cariótipo molecular do fungo; 2) variabilidade genética deste fitopatógeno a nível cromossômico na região produtora da Bahia; e 3) expressão gênica do fungo em presença de extratos do hospedeiro. O cariótipo molecular foi estabelecido por eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado. Esta mesma metodologia foi utilizada em combinação com análise tipo microsatélites para um estudo de variabilidade a nível cromossômico de 38 isolados provenientes de três biótipos e diferentes regiões geográficas. Para análise da expressão gênica foram seqüenciadas quatro bibliotecas de cDNA do fungo sob diferentes condições de cultivo e em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento, incluindo uma biblioteca subtrativa obtida por SSH. Como resultados, apresentamos o cariótipo molecular de C. perniciosa e a existência de polimorfismos cromossômicos. A análise dos 38 isolados permitiu observar que o cariótipo do biótipo-C é estável ao longo do tempo e sua variabilidade na região da Bahia é baixa, mostrando assim a fragilidade do programa de melhoramento genético do cacaueiro na Bahia, onde os clones resistentes selecionados no campo foram desafiados contra apenas dois genótipos do patógeno. Com relação à análise da expressão do fungo, obtivemos 1427 unigenes e sua análise por similaridade com as bases de dados permitiu a identificação de diversos mecanismos pelos quais o fungo poderia estar manipulando o metabolismo da planta para seu benefício e em detrimento da produção de cacau. Assim, consideramos que a partir deste trabalho foi possível obter uma maior compreensão dos mecanismos utilizados por C. perniciosa no desenvolvimento da Vassoura-de-Bruxa em cacaueiro e estudos mais aprofundados, baseados nos resultados aqui obtidos, deverão auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle para esta importante doençaAbstract: Witches' broom disease of cocoa is a complex pathosystem that has evaded an efficient control program in the cacao-producing region of Bahia, Brazil. The main goal of this work was to acquire a better understanding of the C. perniciosa-Cacao interaction by providing new data regarding: 1) the size and organization of the fungal genome through molecular karyotyping; 2) the genetic variability of this phytopathogen at the chromosomal level in the cacao-producing region of Bahia; and 3) the gene expression of the fungus in the presence of host extracts. The molecular karyotype was obtained through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. This same technique was applied in combination with microsatellite PCR analysis of 38 isolates from different biotypes and geographic regions in order to study the chromosomal-level genetic variability of this pathogen. For the gene expression analysis, four cDNA libraries of the fungus grown under different culture conditions and developmental stages, including a subtractive library using SSH, were sequenced and searched for similarities in the public databases. As results, we present the molecular karyotype of C. perniciosa and the existence of chromosome-length polymorphism. The analysis of the 38 isolates showed that the karyotype of the C-biotype is very stable in time and that the variability of the pathogen in Bahia is very low, thus indicating the fragility of the current cacao-breeding program in Bahia, where the resistant cacao clones selected in the field were challenged against only two different genotypes of the pathogen. With regards to the gene expression analysis, we obtained 1427 unigenes and the similarity searches allowed the identification of various mechanisms through which the fungus might be manipulating the metabolism of the plant for its own benefit and in detriment of cocoa production. Therefore, we consider that this work allowed us to acquire a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms used by C. perniciosa during witches' broom development in cacao and more detailed studies, based on the results presented here, might aid in the development of novel control strategies for this important diseaseDoutoradoBioquimicaDoutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecula

Confronting the Unknown: Tejanas in the Transformation of Spanish and Mexican Texas, 1735-1836

Confronting the Unknown: Tejanas in the Transformation of Spanish and Mexican Texas, 1735-1836 sheds light on Tejana legal and social roles in this tumultuous period. Despite great strides in the field of Borderlands history in recent years the field surprisingly lacks studies on women in early Texas. My goal is to help fill that void by illustrating women’s roles during the construction of and transition between empire to republic. Past studies place women in an overall narrative that includes them as a minor element to colonial life in Texas. My study places women at the center of the narrative, uncovering the major contributions they made to the Spanish and Mexican frontier. In addition, I argue that Tejanas exerted a great deal of agency on the edge of Spanish and Mexican society. Using court records I show that Tejanas were active participants in the legal sphere of colonial life. These sources reveal that Tejanas exercised more economic and political freedom under Spanish and Mexican control then they did under the Republic of Texas. They owned property, sued in court, and petitioned the government for land grants under the Spanish and Mexican governments. Among these legal rights, land grants in particular allowed Tejanas to aid in the establishment of a permanent presence on the frontier and thus aided the Spanish and Mexican government in imperial expansion. Because of these rights, Tejanas became strong matriarchs in a patriarchal dominated society. Their position in society, however, changed dramatically when they became Texas citizens. As Anglo Americans immigrated into Texas in large numbers, Tejanas appeared less in courts and conformed to the accepted Anglo American legal codes that had been practiced in the United States that were unwelcoming to women. Anglo American racist attitudes ultimately took a toll on the previous social hierarchy, forcing Tejanos and Tejanas into second-class citizenship. Despite these circumstances, Tejanas persisted and contributed greatly to the development of Texas

Revisiting Photovoice: Perceptions of Dementia among Researchers with Intellectual Disability

There is limited evidence internationally exploring perceptions of dementia among people with intellectual disabilities. This article presents findings from the first known study where an inclusive research team, including members with intellectual disability, used photovoice methodology to visually represent views of people with intellectual disabilities and dementia. Drawing on Freire’s empowerment pedagogy, study aims were consistent with global photovoice aims: enabling people to visually record critical dialogue about dementia through photography and social change. We investigated the benefits and challenges of photovoice methodology with this population and sought to identify perspectives of dementia from people with intellectual disabilities. Findings challenge the notion that a key photovoice aim of reaching policymakers is always achievable, suggesting that revisiting Freire’s original methodological aims may lead to improved outcomes in co-produced research with marginalized groups. Qualitative themes emerged identifying issues such as peers ‘disappearing’ and the importance of maintaining friendship as dementia progressed

Prevalence of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in women between 18 and 30 years old at the Bucaramanga health institute, Colombia, between 2018 - 2020

El carcinoma de cuello uterino es un tipo de carcinoma invasivo que se origina usualmente en la zona de transformación cervical está causalmente relacionado con las infecciones persistentes por el virus del papiloma humano, tiene factores adicionales que se relacionan con un aumento de la incidencia, como son: el tabaquismo, la inmunosupresión, el uso prolongado de anticonceptivos orales, entre otros. Los cambios en el programa de tamización cervical del país en el 2014 recomiendan que el primer cribado citológico se lleve a cabo a la edad de 25 años. Este estudio analiza los diagnósticos de citologías de mujeres menores de 30 años en un sector sociodemográficamente deprimido de la ciudad de Bucaramanga Colombia para determinar la prevalencia de lesiones premalignas y malignas en este grupo de edad, ya que existe la preocupación de que retrasar el inicio de las pruebas de detección del cuello uterino en esta población pueda aumentar el riesgo de cáncer de cuello uterino.1. TÍTULO DEL PROYECTO................................................................................ 10 2. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................. 10 3. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROYECTO ................................................................... 11 3.1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN ...................................... 11 3.2. JUSTIFICACIÓN ............................................................................................. 15 3.3. MARCO TEÓRICO: CÁNCER DE CUELLO UTERINO ....................................... 16 3.3.2. Epidemiología......................................................................................... 16 3.3.3. Factores de riesgo: ................................................................................ 18 3.3.4. Etiología:................................................................................................. 23 3.3.5. Histopatología ........................................................................................ 24 3.3.6. Diagnóstico ............................................................................................. 29 3.3.7. Enfoque diagnóstico: ............................................................................. 30 3.4. MARCO DEMOGRÁFICO: ................................................................................ 31 3.5. ESTADO DEL ARTE: ...................................................................................... 32 3.6. OBJETIVOS: .................................................................................................. 36 3.6.1. Objetivo general: .................................................................................... 36 3.6.2. Objetivos específicos: ............................................................................ 36 3.7. METODOLOGÍA PROPUESTA .......................................................................... 37 3.7.1. Pregunta de investigación: .................................................................... 37 3.7.2. Materiales y métodos: ............................................................................ 37 3.7.2.2. Población a estudio: ....................................................................... 37 3.7.2.3. Criterios de elegibilidad .................................................................. 37 3.7.2.4. Estimación del tamaño de la muestra: ........................................... 38 3.7.2.5. Tipo de muestreo: ........................................................................... 38 3.7.2.6. Procedimientos: .............................................................................. 38 3.7.2.7. Variables del estudio ...................................................................... 41 3.7.2.8. Plan de análisis estadístico: ........................................................... 41 3.7.2.8.1.Análisis univariado ..................................................................... 41 3.7.2.8.2.Análisis bivariado ....................................................................... 42 4. DISPOSICIONES ÉTICAS VIGENTES ............................................................ 42 5. RESULTADOS.................................................................................................. 44 5.1. ANÁLISIS UNIVARIADO ................................................................................... 46 5.2. ANÁLISIS BIVARIADO ..................................................................................... 53 6. DISCUSIÓN ...................................................................................................... 56 7. FORTALEZAS Y LIMITACIONES ................................................................... 63 8. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................. 64 9. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................ 66 10. ANEXOS ........................................................................................................... 74EspecializaciónUterine cervix carcinoma is a type of invasive carcinoma that usually originates in the cervical transformation zone, it is causally related to persistent human papillomavirus infections, it has additional factors that are related to an increase in incidence, such as: smoking, immunosuppression, prolonged use of oral contraceptives, among others. Changes in the country's cervical screening program in 2014 recommend that the first cytological screening be carried out at the age of 25 years. This study analyzes the cytology diagnoses of women under 30 years of age in a sociodemographically depressed sector of the city of Bucaramanga Colombia to determine the prevalence of premalignant and malignant lesions in this age group, since there is concern that delaying the onset of Cervical screening in this population may increase the risk of cervical cancer

Propuesta de reestructuración del diseño de la página web de dirección de prácticas profesionales de la Universidad del Magdalena

la presente propuesta permitirá un mejor acceso a la información sobre los procesos que deben realizar las empresas y los estudiantes que deseen realizar el proceso de prácticas profesionales en la Universidad del Magdalena

Surgical techniques for smile restoration in patients with Möbius syndrome

Möbius syndrome is a congenital condition, the etiology when is not associated with misoprostol is not well defined. Signs and symptoms include difficulty swallowing, speech problems, drooling, strabismus, limitation of eye movement and more importantly, the facial blankness that these individuals have, result of the facial paralysis, due to atrophy of the cranial nerves that are involved in this condition. The ability to express emotions is affected and are considered "children without a smile." There is currently no treatment to solvent the birth defects, the treatment options for reduce these alterations is the surgical option that has as main objective to restore muscle function through various techniques, used as required, the possibilities of applying them, is taking into consideration the outcome of the procedure to execute. Among the surgical techniques used mainly: the lengthening myoplasty of the temporal muscle,muscle transfers, cross-facial grafting, neurorrhaphy and nerve transposition, of which latter are the best performers, giving the patient a more natural, in as far as regards expression and function

Reconstrucción tridimensional de piezas arqueológicas de museo

La investigación tiene como propósito aplicacar técnicas de reconstrucción tridimensional digital como herramienta de apoyo en el campo de las aplicaciones de herencia cultural, ha mostrado ser un área de interés para la comunidad científica debido a las diversas posibilidades que ésta brinda en relación con los beneficios de visualización en entornos de realidad virtual. La reconstrucción tridimensional digital es un campo cuyo objetivo es determinar una superficie matemática que represente a una superficie real desconocida. Tradicionalmente, los sistemas de adquisición por láser han sido utilizados debido a los altos niveles de resolución que permiten reproducir detalles geométricos en de las piezas tratadas. Diferentes etapas componen el proceso de reconstrucción de superficies; la adquisición, el registro, la integración y el ajuste. El Museo Etnográfico de la Universidad del Magdalena posee numerosas piezas resultado de hallazgos arqueológicos de gran valor cultural para el país y la región. Sin embargo, muchas de estas piezas son encontradas fracturadas impidiendo la visualización del estado original de las piezas, perdiéndose con esto gran parte de la información cultural. El interés del proyecto está orientado hacia la proposición de una metodología para la reconstrucción digital de piezas arqueológicas que permita obtener un modelo digital completo del objeto. Esto permitirá observar una aproximación al estado original de la pieza