Linux in Industrial Control Systems

Today the Linux operating system has become a real alternative for industrial control systems. Linux supports all layers in control systems starting with Real-Time or embedded systems for data acquisition, following with treatment, storage, communication and data adaptation, and finally, with supervision and user interfaces. In the last years the Linux development has grown being incorporated in several industrial systems demonstrating high performance, availability and stability for complex processes in chemical, automobile or petrol industries. In many of these industries Linux architectures have been tested and validated successfully. The new CERN policy supporting Linux, as well as the emergence of cheap and robust Linux solutions, motivates its implementation in our safety control and supervision systems in the near future

Carbamates synergize the toxicity of acrinathrin in resistant western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

[SPA] La eficiencia insecticida de las mezclas de acrinatrín (piretroide) con fungicidas carbamatos (propamocarb, carbendazima, iprovalicarb y dietofencarb) e insecticidas (carbaril, tiodicarb, pirimicarb y oxamilo) se estudió en una población de campo de Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). El método consistió en combinar concentraciones crecientes de acrinatrín con una tasa constante subletal del carbamato como sinergista. Estos carbamatos (carbendazima, iprovalicarb y dietofencarb) no mostraron sinergismo al acrinatrín en una población de laboratorio susceptible al insecticida, pero sí lo hicieron en dos poblaciones de campo, mostrando una mayor resistencia al acrinatrín debido a un mayor sinergismo. Carbamatos como el pirimicarb, el oxamilo y el propamocarb podrían ser candidatos prácticos para su uso en campo como sinergistas, incluso contra otras plagas con resistencia metabólica. [ENG] The insecticidal efficacy of mixtures of acrinathrin (pyrethroid) with carbamate fungicides (propamocarb, carbendazim, iprovalicarb and diethofencarb) and insecticides (carbaryl, thiodicarb, pirimicarb and oxamyl) was studied in a field strain of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). The method consisted of combining increasing concentrations of acrinathrin with a constant sublethal rate of the carbamate as synergist. These carbamates (carbendazim, iprovalicarb and diethofencarb) did not show synergism to acrinathrin in a laboratory insecticide-susceptible strain, but they did in two field strains, with higher acrinathrin resistance corresponding to higher synergism. Carbamates such as pirimicarb, oxamyl and propamocarb could be practical candidates for field use as synergists, even against other pests with metabolic resistance

Impact of production system on development of insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

[SPA] El trips occidental de las flores, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), se ha convertido en uno de los insectos más difíciles de controlar en la agricultura intensiva del sureste de España. Sin embargo, los problemas de resistencia son ligeramente diferentes en dos áreas colindantes, Murcia y Almería, con distinto sistema de producción, (En Murcia, con un gran abanico de cultivos (protegidos y al aire libre), la eficacia del control químico se mantiene frecuentemente a lo largo del ciclo de cultivo, donde siguen estrategias de gestión de la resistencia a los insecticidas (IRM). Sin embargo, en Almería, con un sistema de producción basado en el cultivo de plantas en invernaderos, los problemas de resistencia son mucho más severos). Se recolectaron 36 poblaciones de campo del trips de plantas de pimiento en dos fechas diferentes en Murcia y Almería en 2005 y 2006. Las poblaciones de trips recolectadas se expusieron a una concentración de diagnóstico de spinosad, metiocarb, acrinatrín y formetanato. Los resultados permitieron identificar mayores niveles de resistencia en Almería en comparación con Murcia a lo largo del ciclo de cultivo. Se discute el impacto de los sistemas de producción y de las prácticas agrícolas de cada área en el desarrollo y estabilidad de la resistencia a insecticidas. [ENG] The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), has become one of the most difficult insects to control in the intensive agriculture of southeastern Spain. However, resistance problems are quite different in two neighboring areas, Murcia and Almeria, with distinct production systems (In Murcia, with a wide range of crops (protected and outdoor crops), efÞcacy of chemical control is frequently maintained along the growing season where insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies are followed. However, in Almeria, with a production system based on vegetables in greenhouses, resistance problems are much more severe.) Thirty-six field populations of western flower thrips from sweet pepper crops were collected in two different dates in Murcia and Almeria in 2005 and 2006. Western flower thrips populations collected were exposed to a diagnostic concentration of spinosad, methiocarb, acrinathrin, and formetanate. The impact of production systems and agricultural practices of each área on the development and stability of insecticide resistance is discussed

Larval Development in Tropical Gar (Atractosteus tropicus) Is Dependent on the Embryonic Thermal Regime: Ecological Implications under a Climate Change Context

In ectotherm species, environmental temperature plays a key role in development, growth, and survival. Thus, determining how temperature affects fish populations is of utmost importance to accurately predict the risk of climate change over fisheries and aquaculture, critical to warrant nutrition and food security in the coming years. Here, the potential effects of abnormal thermal regimes (24, 28 and 32 C; TR24, TR28, and TR32, respectively) exclusively applied during embryogenesis in tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) has been explored to decipher the potential consequences on hatching and growth from fertilization to 16 days post-fertilization (dpf), while effects on skeletal development and body morphology were explored at fertilization and 16 dpf. Egg incubation at higher temperatures induced an early hatching and mouth opening. A higher hatching rate was obtained in eggs incubated at 28 C when compared to those at 24 C. No differences were found in fish survival at 16 dpf, with values ranging from 84.89 to 88.86%, but increased wet body weight and standard length were found in larvae from TR24 and TR32 groups. Thermal regime during embryogenesis also altered the rate at which the skeletal development occurs. Larvae from the TR32 group showed an advanced skeletal development, with a higher development of cartilaginous structures at hatching but reduced at 16 dpf when compared with the TR24 and TR28 groups. Furthermore, this advanced skeletal development seemed to determine the fish body morphology. Based on biometric measures, a principal component analysis showed how along development, larvae from each thermal regime were clustered together, but with each population remaining clearly separated from each other. The current study shows how changes in temperature may induce craniofacial and morphological alterations in fish during early stages and contribute to understanding the possible effects of global warming in early development of fish and its ecological implications.Versión del edito

Larval Development in Tropical Gar (Atractosteus tropicus) Is Dependent on the Embryonic Thermal Regime: Ecological Implications under a Climate Change Context

This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances and Challenges in Fisheries and Aquaculture Science: Feature Papers for the New Journey of Fishes[EN] In ectotherm species, environmental temperature plays a key role in development, growth, and survival. Thus, determining how temperature affects fish populations is of utmost importance to accurately predict the risk of climate change over fisheries and aquaculture, critical to warrant nutrition and food security in the coming years. Here, the potential effects of abnormal thermal regimes (24, 28 and 32 °C; TR24, TR28, and TR32, respectively) exclusively applied during embryogenesis in tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) has been explored to decipher the potential consequences on hatching and growth from fertilization to 16 days post-fertilization (dpf), while effects on skeletal development and body morphology were explored at fertilization and 16 dpf. Egg incubation at higher temperatures induced an early hatching and mouth opening. A higher hatching rate was obtained in eggs incubated at 28 °C when compared to those at 24 °C. No differences were found in fish survival at 16 dpf, with values ranging from 84.89 to 88.86%, but increased wet body weight and standard length were found in larvae from TR24 and TR32 groups. Thermal regime during embryogenesis also altered the rate at which the skeletal development occurs. Larvae from the TR32 group showed an advanced skeletal development, with a higher development of cartilaginous structures at hatching but reduced at 16 dpf when compared with the TR24 and TR28 groups. Furthermore, this advanced skeletal development seemed to determine the fish body morphology. Based on biometric measures, a principal component analysis showed how along development, larvae from each thermal regime were clustered together, but with each population remaining clearly separated from each other. The current study shows how changes in temperature may induce craniofacial and morphological alterations in fish during early stages and contribute to understanding the possible effects of global warming in early development of fish and its ecological implicationsSIThis work was partially funded by “Study of the digestive physiology in larvae and juveniles of tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) based on histological, biochemical and molecular techniques” project (Ref. CB-2016-01-282765) from the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT) of Mexico. I.F. acknowledges the funding from the MICIU and the European Social Fund, “The European Social Fund invests in your future” through the Ramón y Cajal (Ref. RYC2018-025337-I) contract from the Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica e Innovación 2017–2020Authors also thanks the support from the RED LARVAplus “Estrategias de desarrollo y mejora de la producción de larvas de peces en Iberoamérica” (117RT0521) funded by the Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (CYTED

Escola de obstetrícia da Universidade de São Paulo: a história contada no livro de atas (1912-1970)

Throughout the 20th Century, Obstetrics education has undergone innumerous changes which have accompanied changes in the maternal and newborn health care model and conceptions concerning professional nursing education and practice. This qualitative and documentary study aimed to describe and analyze the minutes of the meetings of the São Paulo Obstetrics School. The School was founded in 1912 and was adjacent to the University of São Paulo Medical School until 1970, when it was incorporated into the School of Nursing. The minutes have recorded aspects of the School’s operation such as student selection and performance, examinations, teaching programs, curriculum changes, faculty, school calendar, revalidation of foreign diplomas, financial turnover, and other disciplinary, administrative, and legal matters concerning the course. One can infer that the original purpose of creating the School was “in tune” with the broader project of the medical and social elite of the time

Ovine fertility by artificial insemination in the breeding season could be affected by intraseasonal variations in ram sperm proteomic profile

[EN] It is important to note that seasonality could affect ram reproductive parameters, and therefore, fertility results after artificial insemination. In this work, 1) we assessed fertility rates after cervical artificial insemination of 11,805 ewes at the beginning (June 21st to July 20th) and at the end (November 20th to December 21st) of the reproductive season in the Assaf breed for the last four years, and 2) we aimed to identify male factors influencing the different reproductive success obtained depending on the time at the mating season in which ovine artificial insemination was performed. For this purpose, we evaluated certain ram reproductive and ultrasonographical parameters as well as we performed a multiparametric and proteomic sperm analysis of 6–19 rams at two very distant points in the mating season (July as Early Breeding Season –EBS– and November as Late Breeding Season –LBS–). Rutinary assessments carried out in the ovine reproduction centers (testicular volume, libido, sperm production and mass motility) showed non-significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between both studied times, as well as the ram ultrasonographic evaluation (Resistive and Pulsatility Index as Doppler parameters; and pixels mean gray level, and hypoechoic areas percentage and density as echotexture parameters). However, at level of sperm functionality, although sperm quality appeared non-significantly lower (P ≥ 0.05) in the EBS, we identified a significantly different (P 4, a P = 2.40e-07, and a q = 2.23e-06: Fibrous Sheath-Interacting Protein 2, Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase Domain-Containing Protein 20-like, Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C, Tektin 5, Armadillo Repeat-Containing Protein 12 Isoform X3, Solute Carrier Family 9B1, Radial Spoke Head Protein 3 Homolog, Pro-Interleukin-16, NADH Dehydrogenase [Ubiquinone] 1 Alpha Subcomplex Subunit 8, Testis, Prostate and Placenta-Expressed Protein, and Acyl Carrier Protein Mitochondrial. In conclusion, while our basic analyses on male and sperm quality showed similar results between the beginning and the end of the breeding season, on a proteomic level we detected a lower expression of sperm proteins linked to the energy metabolism, sperm-oocyte interactions, and flagellum structure in the EBS. Probably, this different protein expression could be related to the lower fertility rate of Assaf ewes after cervical artificial insemination at this time. More importantly, sperm proteins can be used as highly effective molecular markers in predicting sperm fertilization ability related to intraseasonal variations.S

Liquid flow-focused by a gas: jetting, dripping and recirculation

The liquid cone-jet mode can be produced upon stimulation by a co-flowing gas sheath. Most applications deal with the jet breakup, leading to either of two droplet generation regimes: jetting and dripping. The cone-jet flow pattern is explored by direct axisymmetric VOF numerical simulation; its evolution is studied as the liquid flow-rate is increased around the jetting-dripping transition. As observed in other focused flows such as electrospraying cones upon steady thread emission, the flow displays a strong recirculating pattern within the conical meniscus; it is shown to play a role on the stability of the system, being a precursor to the onset of dripping. Close to the minimum liquid flow rate for steady jetting, the recirculation cell penetrates into the feed tube. Both the jet diameter and the size of the cell are accurately estimated by a simple theoretical model. In addition, the transition from jetting to dripping is numerically analyzed in detail in some illustrative cases, and compared, to good agreement, with a set of experiments.Comment: Submitted to the Physical Review E on December 8th, 200

Inheritance of resistance to acrinathrin in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

[SPA] Se investigó la base genética de la resistencia al acrinatrín para Frankliniella occidentalis. La población resistente, seleccionada en el laboratorio para la resistencia a acrinatrín, de un conjunto de poblaciones de trips recogidas en Almería (sureste de España), mostró una gran resistencia al acrinatrín (43 veces superior a la CL50) comparada con la población susceptible de laboratorio. Los datos de mortalidad de cruces recíprocos de trips resistentes y susceptibles indicaron que la resistencia era autosomal y no estaba influenciada por efectos maternos. El análisis de las líneas probit de las poblaciones parentales y los cruces recíprocos mostró que la resistencia se expresaba como un rasgo codominante. [ENG] The genetic basis of acrinathrin resistance was investigated in WFT. The resistant strain, selected in the laboratory for acrinathrin resistance from a pool of thrips populations collected in Almeria (south-eastern Spain), showed a high resistance to acrinathrin (43-fold based on LC50 values) compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. Mortality data from reciprocal crosses of resistant and susceptible thrips indicated that resistance was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects. Analysis of probit lines fromthe parental strains and reciprocal crosses showed that resistance was expressed as a codominant trait