Gugatan Perdata Terhadap Perseroan Terbatas (Pt) Di Dalam Prakteknya

Mengenai Perseroan ini kuhd hanya mengatur peraturan yang sangat sederhana, khususnya buku ke III yaitu sekitar 20 pasat terdiri dari pasal 36 s/d pasal 56 yang merupakan permasalahan. dalam pasal ini adalah bila suatu perseroan terbatasmenjadi badan hukum, karena satupun diantara pasal tersehut tidak ada dinyatakan secara tegas bahwa perseroan terbatas adalah badan hukum.Hal tersebut di atas perlu untuk diketahui dalam hal menentukan kepada siapakah suatu gugatan perdata dituJukan dalam suatu perseroan terbatas tidak melaksanakan kewajiban dalam suatu perhubungan hukum karena dengan tidak jelasnya pihak yang digugat dapat mengakibatkan gugatan tidak dapat diterima yang sekaligus hal ini dapat menimbulkan kerugian baik pihak ketiga yang mengadakan suatu hubungan hukum dengan suatu perseroan terbatas

Analisis Deformasi Tangki Anti Rolling Akibat Perubahan Ketebalan Dinding Tangki Fiber Menggunakan Simulasi

Penambahan tangki anti rolling pada kapal kayu tradisional menjadi penting ketika banyak kecelakaan jenis kapal ini diakibatkan stabilitas kapal yang menjadi buruk karena penempatan muatan di atas geladak kapal. Salah satu solusi yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan membuat tangki anti rolling yang diletakkan pada bagian tengah kapal ini. Tangki anti rolling yang digunakan harus kuat dalam menerima beban kerja akibat gaya tekan hidrostatis air yang ada di dalamnya. Kemampuan tangki dalam menerima beban kerja bergantung pada kondisi tangki. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis deformasi yang terjadi akibat perubahan ketebalan tangki bermaterial Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) yang digunakan sebagai tangki anti Rolling. Deformasi mengindikasikan kondisi kemampuan konstruksi tangki dalam menerima beban yang bekerja. Ketebalan tangki Perhitungan dilakukan menggunakan metode Finite Element Analysis (FEA) dengan bantuan software. Ketebalan tangki FRP yang digunakan adalah 5 mm – 12 mm. Berdasarkan variasi ketebalan dinding FRP tangki anti rolling maka nilai deformasi yang diperoleh berturut-turut adalah sebagai berikut, 5 mm deformasi yang terjadi sebesar 0,613 mm, 7,5 mm deformasi yang terjadi sebesar 0,166 mm, 10 mm deformasi yang terjadi sebesar 0,060 mm, 12 mm deformasi yang terjadi sebesar 0,042 mm. Sehingga ketebalan yang terbaik ada di 12 mm dengan deformasi terkecil. Secara teknis hal ini adalah hasil yang terbaik, tetapi secara ekonomis penambahan ketebalan berdampak pada faktor ekonomis dimana semakin tebal material tangki akan menambah volume LWT yang artinya mengurangi daya muat kapal. Harus dipikirkan solusi lain agar penambahan volume material dinding dapat ditekan dengan menggunakan penguat struktur lainnya yang lebih ringan

Current trends in initial management of hypopharyngeal cancer: The declining use of open surgery

Squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx represents a distinct clinical entity. Most patients present with significant comorbidities and advanced‐stage disease. The overall survival is relatively poor because of high rates of regional and distant metastasis at presentation or early in the course of the disease. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial in the overall management of these patients to achieve the best results and maintain or improve functional results. Traditionally, operable hypopharyngeal cancer has been treated by total (occasionally partial) laryngectomy and partial or circumferential pharyngectomy, followed by reconstruction and postoperative radiotherapy in most cases. Efforts to preserve speech and swallowing function in the surgical treatment of hypopharyngeal (and laryngeal) cancer have resulted in a declining use of total laryngopharyngectomy and improved reconstructive efforts, including microvascular free tissue transfer. There are many surgical, as well as nonsurgical, options available for organ and function preservation, which report equally effective tumor control and survival. The selection of appropriate treatment is of crucial importance in the achievement of optimal results for these patients. In this article, several aspects of surgical and nonsurgical approaches in the treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer are discussed. Future studies must be carefully designed within clearly defined populations and use uniform terminology and standardized functional assessment and declare appropriate patient or disease endpoints. These studies should focus on improvement of resultsx, without increasing patient morbidity. In this respect, technical improvements in radiotherapy such as intensity‐modulated radiotherapy, advances in supportive care, and incorporation of newer systemic agents such as targeted therapy, are relevant developments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90087/1/21613_ftp.pd

Transoral robotic-assisted thyroidectomy with central neck dissection: preclinical cadaver feasibility study and proposed surgical technique

Recently, a transoral robotic-assisted technique to access the thyroid gland has been introduced. Despite the advantages this approach may have over other minimally invasive and robotic-assisted techniques, we found that the placement of the camera through the floor of mouth led to restricted freedom of movement. We describe our modification to this technique to overcome this problem. In a study using two fresh human cadavers, the camera port of the da Vinci robot was placed in the midline oral vestibule instead of the floor of the mouth. A transoral thyroidectomy and central neck dissection was successfully performed. Our modification led to an unfettered view of the central neck and allowed for a total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection. Our modification of transoral robotic-assisted thyroidectomy provides superior access to the central compartment of the neck over other robotic-assisted thyroidectomy techniques

Transoral thyroidectomy : Why is it needed?

Transoral thyroidectomy (TOT) represents reasonably the desirable minimally invasive approach to the gland due to the scarless non-visible incisions, the limited distance between the gland and the access that minimize tissue dissection and respect of the surgical anatomical planes. Patients are routinely selected according to an extensive inclusion criteria: (I) ultrasonographically (US) estimated thyroid diameter not larger than 10 cm; (II) US gland volume â¤45 mL; (III) nodule size â¤50 mm; (IV) a benign tumor, such as a thyroid cyst, single-nodular goiter, or multinodular goiter; (V) follicular neoplasm; (VI) papillary microcarcinoma without lymph node metastasis. The operation is realized through median, central approach which allows bilateral exploration of the thyroid gland and central compartment. TOT is succeed both endoscopically adopting ordinary endoscopic equipments or robotically. In detail three ports are placed at the inferior oral vestibule: one 10-mm port for 30° endoscope and two 5-mm ports for dissecting, coagulating and neuromonitoring instruments. Low CO2 insufflation pressure is set at 6 mmHg. An anterior cervical subplatysmal space is created from the oral vestibule down to the sternal notch, laterally to the sterncleidomuscles similar to that of conventional thyroidectomy. TOT is now reproducible in selective high volume endocrine centers

Evidence for a Role of the PD-1:PD-L1 Pathway in Immune Resistance of HPV-Associated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HPV-HNSCC) originate in the tonsils, the major lymphoid organ that orchestrates immunity to oral infections. Despite its location, the virus escapes immune elimination during malignant transformation and progression. Here, we provide evidence for the role of the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in HPV-HNSCC immune resistance. We show membranous expression of PD-L1 in the tonsillar crypts, the site of initial HPV infection. In HPV-HNSCCs that are highly infiltrated with lymphocytes, PD-L1 expression on both tumor cells and CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages is geographically localized to sites of lymphocyte fronts, whereas the majority of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes express high levels of PD-1, the inhibitory PD-L1 receptor. Significant levels of mRNA for IFN-γ, a major cytokine inducer of PD-L1 expression, were found in HPV+ PD-L1(+) tumors. Our findings support the role of the PD-1:PD-L1 interaction in creating an “immune-privileged” site for initial viral infection and subsequent adaptive immune resistance once tumors are established and suggest a rationale for therapeutic blockade of this pathway in patients with HPV-HNSCC. Cancer Res; 73(6); 1733–41. ©2012 AACR.</jats:p