352 research outputs found
Vivre à proximité d'un stresseur environnemental persistant : comprendre les interactions pour une meilleure régulation
Ce mĂ©moire vise Ă caractĂ©riser les modalitĂ©s de rĂ©gulations mises en Ćuvre par des citoyens vivant Ă proximitĂ© d'un dĂ©potoir et Ă comprendre les Ă©lĂ©ments des environnements social et physique qui peuvent influencer le recours Ă ces modalitĂ©s. Le cadre thĂ©orique proposĂ© montre la pertinence d'une recherche qui s'ancre dans une perspective systĂ©mique par une comprĂ©hension des environnements, mais aussi des interactions entre les Ă©lĂ©ments de ces environnements. AprĂšs avoir abordĂ© les stresseurs persistants, nous proposons le concept d'inconfort comme alternative Ă la notion de stress puisqu'il correspond davantage Ă la situation Ă©tudiĂ©e. En rĂ©ponse aux stresseurs, un processus de rĂ©gulation s'active ; soit la mise en Ćuvre de modalitĂ©s de rĂ©gulation spontanĂ©es, mais aussi Ă la structuration de ces modalitĂ©s en stratĂ©gies d'ajustement qui rĂ©sulte d'une analyse de la situation. Ces stratĂ©gies peuvent alors devenir des schĂšmes de rĂ©ponse quasi automatiques. Au processus de rĂ©gulation Ă un stresseur persistant, nous indiquons l'importance des diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments qui composent le systĂšme et qui se trouvent en interaction dans une perspective systĂ©mique. De cette façon, nous dĂ©taillons les Ă©lĂ©ments de l'environnement physique, mais aussi de l'environnement social qui sont prĂ©sents par les relations qu'entretient un individu avec les membres de la famille, mais aussi ceux de la communautĂ©. Au final, les facteurs sociodĂ©mographiques permettent aussi de situer la complexitĂ© de ce processus. La mĂ©thodologie consiste en une analyse de contenu des transcriptions d'entretiens semi-dirigĂ©s Ă l'aide du logiciel d'aide Ă l'analyse sĂ©mantique SĂ©mato. Ce logiciel permet de situer le discours des participants en rapport Ă celui des autres et de faire Ă©merger les rĂ©currences et les facteurs sociodĂ©mographiques qui peuvent influencer le recours aux modalitĂ©s de rĂ©gulation et leur structuration en stratĂ©gies d'ajustement. Au terme de notre analyse, nous avons observĂ© que des Ă©lĂ©ments dĂ©clencheurs engendrent plusieurs types de modalitĂ©s dans le discours des participantes et participants. Ces modalitĂ©s qui sont surtout associĂ©es Ă des changements de comportement et Ă des modifications dans les interactions sociales rappellent que les nuisances associĂ©es au dĂ©potoir sont prĂ©sentes au quotidien et sur de longues pĂ©riodes obligeant une rĂ©gulation constante. L'environnement social est celui qui est le plus sollicitĂ© dans ce contexte. L'apport des membres de l'entourage fournit des ressources supplĂ©mentaires autant dans le soutien social que dans l'offre de nouvelles modalitĂ©s. Le traitement des donnĂ©es fait ressortir des Ă©lĂ©ments non identifiĂ©s par d'autres auteurs, par exemple : les craintes, les questionnements ainsi que l'absence d'inconfort comme Ă©lĂ©ment du processus de rĂ©gulation. Nos analyses pointent aussi la pertinence d'une prise en compte de facteurs sociodĂ©mographiques et de santĂ©.\ud
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MOTS-CLĂS DE LâAUTEUR : interaction, environnement, ajustement, rĂ©gulation, soutien socia
Ethics Of Tax Law Compliance: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
The first semester Tax I student seems to be interested in the ethical issue of why citizens should report their income and only take legitimate tax deductions when it is unlikely that anyone will ever know. This paper addresses this issue from an interdisciplinary approach of accounting, philosophy, and political science. The accounting perspective discusses the issue from the expectations of the tax preparer and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The philosophical perspectives provides background of a citizen who might want to âdo the right thingâ for the sake of the common good. The political science perspective explores the political nature of the individual and corporate citizen and their approach to civic virtue
Differential susceptibility to environmental influences : Interactions between child temperament and parenting in adolescent alcohol use
Temperament and parental practices (PP) are important predictors of adolescent alcohol use (AU); however, less is known about how they combine to increase or decrease risk of AU. This study examined whether age 6 temperament (i.e., impulsivity and inhibitory control) interacted with age 6 coercive PP and/or age 14 parental monitoring to predict AU at 15 years among 209 adolescents. Results showed that low parental monitoring was associated with more frequent AU and that coercive PP interacted with impulsivity to predict AU. This interaction was examined as a function of two models that were not studied before in the prediction of AU: the diathesis-stress model (i.e., impulsive children are more "vulnerable" to adverse PP than those with an easy temperament); and the differential susceptibility model (i.e., impulsive children are also more likely to benefit from good PP). Results supported the differential susceptibility model by showing that impulsive children were not only at higher risk for AU when combined with high coercive PP but also benefit from the absence of coercive PP. This supports the suggestion that the conception of certain temperament characteristics, or in this case impulsivity, as a "vulnerability" for adolescent AU, may need revision because it misrepresents the malleability it may imply
Age of cannabis use onset and adult drug abuse symptoms : a prospective study of common risk factors and indirect effects
Objective: The present study examined (1) whether the associations between cannabis use
(CU) age of onset and drug abuse by 28 years remain when controlling for risk factors in
childhood, adolescence and early adulthood; and (2) developmental pathways from early
risk factors to drug abuse problems.
Method: Participants from a longitudinal sample of low SES boys (N=1030) were followed
from 6 to 28 years. Self-reported CU onset between 13 and 17 years of age and drug abuse
symptoms by 28 years were examined.
Results: The odds of developing any drug abuse symptoms by 28 years were reduced by
31% for each year of delayed CU onset (OR = 0.69). Cannabis, alcohol and other drug
frequency at 17 years mediated this association. Still, even when taking that frequency of
use into account, adolescents who started using cannabis before 15 years were at higher risk
of developing drug abuse symptoms by age 28. Significant indirect effects were found from
early adolescent delinquency and affiliation with deviant friends to drug abuse symptoms at
28 years through CU age of onset and substance use frequency at 17 years.
Conclusions: Results suggest more clearly than before that prevention programs should
aim at delaying CU onset in order to prevent or reduce drug abuse in adulthood.
Furthermore, prevention programs targeting delinquency and/or affiliation with deviant
friends in childhood or early adolescence could indirectly reduce substance abuse in
adulthood without addressing substance use specifically
Context, ethics and pharmacogenetics
Most of the literature on pharmacogenetics assumes that the main problems in implementing the technology will be institutional ones (due to funding or regulation) and that although it involves genetic testing, the ethical issues involved in pharmacogenetics are different from, even less than, 'traditional' genetic testing. Very little attention has been paid to how clinicians will accept this technology, their attitudes towards it and how it will affect clinical practice. This paper presents results from interviews with clinicians who are beginning to use pharmacogenetics and explores how they view the ethics of pharmacogenetic testing, its use to exclude some patients from treatment, and how this kind of testing fits into broader debates around genetics. In particular this paper examines the attitudes of breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease specialists. The results of these interviews will be compared with the picture of pharmacogenetics painted in the published literature, as a way of rooting this somewhat speculative writing in clinical practice
Moderation of parenting by inhibitory control in the prediction of the common and unique variance of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention
This study examined whether the interaction between parenting and inhibitory control predicts hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention in 195 children. Observation data of positive parenting were collected at 4 years, and mother reports of coercive parenting at 5 years, inhibitory control at 6 years, and hyperactivity-impulsivity/inattention at 7 years were obtained. The common and unique variance of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention symptoms were examined as outcomes using a bifactor model. Results indicated that positive parenting practices predicted lower levels of hyperactivity-impulsivity/inattention behaviors at age 7 only when children's inhibitory control was high. These results support the vantage sensitivity model, which posits that some individuals show an increased sensitivity to positive experiences exclusively, and support the appropriateness of a targeted prevention approach in early childhood
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Ulcerative colitis-risk loci on chromosomes 1p36 and 12q15 found by genome-wide association study.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon that presents as diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding. We performed a genome-wide association study using DNA samples from 1,052 individuals with ulcerative colitis and preexisting data from 2,571 controls, all of European ancestry. In an analysis that controlled for gender and population structure, ulcerative colitis loci attaining genome-wide significance and subsequent replication in two independent populations were identified on chromosomes 1p36 (rs6426833, combined P = 5.1 x 10(-13), combined odds ratio OR = 0.73) and 12q15 (rs1558744, combined P = 2.5 x 10(-12), combined OR = 1.35). In addition, combined genome-wide significant evidence for association was found in a region spanning BTNL2 to HLA-DQB1 on chromosome 6p21 (rs2395185, combined P = 1.0 x 10(-16), combined OR = 0.66) and at the IL23R locus on chromosome 1p31 (rs11209026, combined P = 1.3 x 10(-8), combined OR = 0.56; rs10889677, combined P = 1.3 x 10(-8), combined OR = 1.29)
Vacuolating cytotoxin and variants in Atg16L1 that disrupt autophagy promote Helicobacter pylori infection in humans
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