Vivre à proximité d'un stresseur environnemental persistant : comprendre les interactions pour une meilleure régulation

Ce mémoire vise à caractériser les modalités de régulations mises en œuvre par des citoyens vivant à proximité d'un dépotoir et à comprendre les éléments des environnements social et physique qui peuvent influencer le recours à ces modalités. Le cadre théorique proposé montre la pertinence d'une recherche qui s'ancre dans une perspective systémique par une compréhension des environnements, mais aussi des interactions entre les éléments de ces environnements. Après avoir abordé les stresseurs persistants, nous proposons le concept d'inconfort comme alternative à la notion de stress puisqu'il correspond davantage à la situation étudiée. En réponse aux stresseurs, un processus de régulation s'active ; soit la mise en œuvre de modalités de régulation spontanées, mais aussi à la structuration de ces modalités en stratégies d'ajustement qui résulte d'une analyse de la situation. Ces stratégies peuvent alors devenir des schèmes de réponse quasi automatiques. Au processus de régulation à un stresseur persistant, nous indiquons l'importance des différents éléments qui composent le système et qui se trouvent en interaction dans une perspective systémique. De cette façon, nous détaillons les éléments de l'environnement physique, mais aussi de l'environnement social qui sont présents par les relations qu'entretient un individu avec les membres de la famille, mais aussi ceux de la communauté. Au final, les facteurs sociodémographiques permettent aussi de situer la complexité de ce processus. La méthodologie consiste en une analyse de contenu des transcriptions d'entretiens semi-dirigés à l'aide du logiciel d'aide à l'analyse sémantique Sémato. Ce logiciel permet de situer le discours des participants en rapport à celui des autres et de faire émerger les récurrences et les facteurs sociodémographiques qui peuvent influencer le recours aux modalités de régulation et leur structuration en stratégies d'ajustement. Au terme de notre analyse, nous avons observé que des éléments déclencheurs engendrent plusieurs types de modalités dans le discours des participantes et participants. Ces modalités qui sont surtout associées à des changements de comportement et à des modifications dans les interactions sociales rappellent que les nuisances associées au dépotoir sont présentes au quotidien et sur de longues périodes obligeant une régulation constante. L'environnement social est celui qui est le plus sollicité dans ce contexte. L'apport des membres de l'entourage fournit des ressources supplémentaires autant dans le soutien social que dans l'offre de nouvelles modalités. Le traitement des données fait ressortir des éléments non identifiés par d'autres auteurs, par exemple : les craintes, les questionnements ainsi que l'absence d'inconfort comme élément du processus de régulation. Nos analyses pointent aussi la pertinence d'une prise en compte de facteurs sociodémographiques et de santé.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : interaction, environnement, ajustement, régulation, soutien socia

Ethics Of Tax Law Compliance: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

The first semester Tax I student seems to be interested in the ethical issue of why citizens should report their income and only take legitimate tax deductions when it is unlikely that anyone will ever know. This paper addresses this issue from an interdisciplinary approach of accounting, philosophy, and political science. The accounting perspective discusses the issue from the expectations of the tax preparer and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The philosophical perspectives provides background of a citizen who might want to “do the right thing” for the sake of the common good. The political science perspective explores the political nature of the individual and corporate citizen and their approach to civic virtue

Differential susceptibility to environmental influences : Interactions between child temperament and parenting in adolescent alcohol use

Temperament and parental practices (PP) are important predictors of adolescent alcohol use (AU); however, less is known about how they combine to increase or decrease risk of AU. This study examined whether age 6 temperament (i.e., impulsivity and inhibitory control) interacted with age 6 coercive PP and/or age 14 parental monitoring to predict AU at 15 years among 209 adolescents. Results showed that low parental monitoring was associated with more frequent AU and that coercive PP interacted with impulsivity to predict AU. This interaction was examined as a function of two models that were not studied before in the prediction of AU: the diathesis-stress model (i.e., impulsive children are more "vulnerable" to adverse PP than those with an easy temperament); and the differential susceptibility model (i.e., impulsive children are also more likely to benefit from good PP). Results supported the differential susceptibility model by showing that impulsive children were not only at higher risk for AU when combined with high coercive PP but also benefit from the absence of coercive PP. This supports the suggestion that the conception of certain temperament characteristics, or in this case impulsivity, as a "vulnerability" for adolescent AU, may need revision because it misrepresents the malleability it may imply

Age of cannabis use onset and adult drug abuse symptoms : a prospective study of common risk factors and indirect effects

Objective: The present study examined (1) whether the associations between cannabis use (CU) age of onset and drug abuse by 28 years remain when controlling for risk factors in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood; and (2) developmental pathways from early risk factors to drug abuse problems. Method: Participants from a longitudinal sample of low SES boys (N=1030) were followed from 6 to 28 years. Self-reported CU onset between 13 and 17 years of age and drug abuse symptoms by 28 years were examined. Results: The odds of developing any drug abuse symptoms by 28 years were reduced by 31% for each year of delayed CU onset (OR = 0.69). Cannabis, alcohol and other drug frequency at 17 years mediated this association. Still, even when taking that frequency of use into account, adolescents who started using cannabis before 15 years were at higher risk of developing drug abuse symptoms by age 28. Significant indirect effects were found from early adolescent delinquency and affiliation with deviant friends to drug abuse symptoms at 28 years through CU age of onset and substance use frequency at 17 years. Conclusions: Results suggest more clearly than before that prevention programs should aim at delaying CU onset in order to prevent or reduce drug abuse in adulthood. Furthermore, prevention programs targeting delinquency and/or affiliation with deviant friends in childhood or early adolescence could indirectly reduce substance abuse in adulthood without addressing substance use specifically

Context, ethics and pharmacogenetics

Most of the literature on pharmacogenetics assumes that the main problems in implementing the technology will be institutional ones (due to funding or regulation) and that although it involves genetic testing, the ethical issues involved in pharmacogenetics are different from, even less than, 'traditional' genetic testing. Very little attention has been paid to how clinicians will accept this technology, their attitudes towards it and how it will affect clinical practice. This paper presents results from interviews with clinicians who are beginning to use pharmacogenetics and explores how they view the ethics of pharmacogenetic testing, its use to exclude some patients from treatment, and how this kind of testing fits into broader debates around genetics. In particular this paper examines the attitudes of breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease specialists. The results of these interviews will be compared with the picture of pharmacogenetics painted in the published literature, as a way of rooting this somewhat speculative writing in clinical practice

Moderation of parenting by inhibitory control in the prediction of the common and unique variance of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention

This study examined whether the interaction between parenting and inhibitory control predicts hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention in 195 children. Observation data of positive parenting were collected at 4 years, and mother reports of coercive parenting at 5 years, inhibitory control at 6 years, and hyperactivity-impulsivity/inattention at 7 years were obtained. The common and unique variance of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention symptoms were examined as outcomes using a bifactor model. Results indicated that positive parenting practices predicted lower levels of hyperactivity-impulsivity/inattention behaviors at age 7 only when children's inhibitory control was high. These results support the vantage sensitivity model, which posits that some individuals show an increased sensitivity to positive experiences exclusively, and support the appropriateness of a targeted prevention approach in early childhood

Ulcerative colitis-risk loci on chromosomes 1p36 and 12q15 found by genome-wide association study.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon that presents as diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding. We performed a genome-wide association study using DNA samples from 1,052 individuals with ulcerative colitis and preexisting data from 2,571 controls, all of European ancestry. In an analysis that controlled for gender and population structure, ulcerative colitis loci attaining genome-wide significance and subsequent replication in two independent populations were identified on chromosomes 1p36 (rs6426833, combined P = 5.1 x 10(-13), combined odds ratio OR = 0.73) and 12q15 (rs1558744, combined P = 2.5 x 10(-12), combined OR = 1.35). In addition, combined genome-wide significant evidence for association was found in a region spanning BTNL2 to HLA-DQB1 on chromosome 6p21 (rs2395185, combined P = 1.0 x 10(-16), combined OR = 0.66) and at the IL23R locus on chromosome 1p31 (rs11209026, combined P = 1.3 x 10(-8), combined OR = 0.56; rs10889677, combined P = 1.3 x 10(-8), combined OR = 1.29)

Vacuolating cytotoxin and variants in Atg16L1 that disrupt autophagy promote Helicobacter pylori infection in humans

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