El turismo deportivo: visiones críticas sobre posibilidades de desarrollo local en España y México

Esta ponencia aborda los límites y riesgos del turismo deportivo para ello los autores estructuran el artículo en tres partes: en una primera parte se observan las tendencias y líneas de evolución que se manifiestan en el deporte y en el turismo; en segundo lugar recuperamos los elementos que hacen del turismo deportivo un potencial de desarrollo local; y en la tercera parte analizamos sus claroscuros y límites: riesgos sociales y medioambientales

Control del curculiónido ferruginoso de las palmeras (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) mediante inyecciones al tronco y pulverización foliar

En 1996 se confirmó la presencia en España, en la costa de la provincia de Granada, de una nueva plaga sobre palmeras conocida como curculiónido ferruginoso de las palmeras, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier. Dentro de las estrategias de lucha contra este insecto se llevaron a cabo una serie de ensayos de efectividad de distintos productos insecticidas aplicados al suelo, por inyección al tronco, en pulverización foliar o una combinación de estos dos últimos métodos. Los mayores porcentajes de eficacia se obtuvieron mediante la aplicación de insecticidas por inyección al tronco de la palmera, combinada con una pulverización foliar con el mismo insecticida para controlar los estadios del insecto situados en la zona exterior, de pencas y cogollo, donde el insecticida aplicado por inyección no consigue distribuirse. Las materias activas insecticidas que presentaron mayor eficacia fueron Carbaril, Fipronil e Imidacloprid. Asimismo se ha observado la idoneidad de mezclar el insecticida aplicado en pulverización foliar con un aceite mineral parafínico o de verano para mejorar su eficacia

Actividad físico-deportiva, turismo y desarrollo local en España

La práctica deportiva se ha convertido en estas últimas décadas en un aspecto cada vez más cotidiano y habitual en la vida de la sociedad española en general; así cómo también en una alternativa de ocio privilegiada para capas cada vez más amplias de la población. Desde esta perspectiva, y contando con que el turismo es una de las principales actividades de ocio vacacional para la mayor parte de los individuos, encontramos con que turismo y deporte –dos actividades que, por otro lado, han conocido una evolución paralela a lo largo de todo el siglo XX- encuentran en este lugar de contacto una importante relación que, cada vez más, se pone de relieve y se intensifica. En la comunicación que proponemos pretendemos analizar algunos aspectos relacionados con esta importante vinculación entre oferta turística y práctica deportiva desde una óptica contemporánea.The sport practice has become these last decades in a daily and more and more habitual aspect in the life of the Spanish society; and also in an important and privileged leisure alternative for ample layers of the population. From this perspective, and counting whereupon the tourism is one of the main activities of vacacional leisure for most of the individuals, we found whereupon tourism and deports - two activities that, on the other hand, they have known a parallel evolution throughout all the 20th Century- find in this place of contact an important relation. In this paper, we try to analyze some aspects related to this important entailment between sport tourism and practical supply from a contemporary optics

Diez años de revistas antropológicas en España (1990-2000): una evaluación

The authors analyze the characteristics of the anthropology journals in Spain in the last decade of the 20th century; they also discuss the situation, problems and survival conditions of these journals as well as the appearance of new ones. In addition, they reflect on the topics covered and avoided in accordance with the trends of the times.Se analizan las características de las revistas de antropología en la España de la última década del siglo XX, así como la situación, problemática y supervivencia de las mismas o el nacimiento de otras nuevas; reflexionando además sobre el interés o no por determinados temas, siguiendo las diversas tendencias del momento

Limitações potenciais para produtividade da batata em solos de campos elevados no Lago Titicaca

Nas últimas duas décadas várias organizações não governamentais entusiasmaram lavradores bolivianos da região do Altiplano, próximo ao Lago Titicaca, a reassumir a prática ancestral de construir campos elevados. Além de sua drenagem melhorada e das possibilidades de implementar a sub-irrigação, as vantagens desse sistema tradicional incluem a mitigação da geada e altas produtividades. Até recentemente não havia dados para avaliar estes benefícios. Neste contexto, experimentos realizados em campos elevados foram planejados e executados em dois locais dentro do Altiplano boliviano, para obter dados confiáveis em relação à produtividade da batata e das temperaturas reinantes. As produtividades observadas variaram de 2,73 a 10,80 t ha-1 no primeiro local, no qual a salinidade provocou uma variabilidade significante na produtividade (R² = 0,79). No segundo local, as produtividades nas plataformas elevadas variaram de 8,25 a 33,45 t ha-1. Entretanto, produtividades comparáveis foram obtidas nas áreas controle, mesmo na presença de uma geada no meio da estação e de uma diferença de apenas 1ºC entre as parcelas convencionais e as elevadas. Estes resultados sugerem que nas condições dos experimentos, os benefícios dos cultivos elevados, em termos de mitigação de geada ou produtividade aumentada, poderão apenas ser observados em anos excepcionalmente ruins, quando geadas fortes extirpam a totalidade da plantas dos cultivos convencionais. Entretanto, pode-se argumentar que mesmo com estas observações marginais de apoio, a agricultura em campos elevados poderia ser uma opção viável para agricultores se nos canais repletos de água entre os campos elevados fosse adotada a piscicultura e produção de fertilizantes.During the last two decades, various non-governmental organizations have strongly encouraged Bolivian farmers in the Altiplano region near Lake Titicaca to resume the ancestral agricultural practice of constructing raised fields. In addition to improved drainage and possibilities this practice affords for sub-irrigation, advocated benefits of this system traditionally include frost mitigation and high crop yields. Until recently, reliable data to assess the extent of these benefits were unfortunately lacking. In this context, field experiments on raised fields were designed and carried out at two locations in the Bolivian Altiplano to obtain reliable potato yield and temperature data. Observed yields ranged from 2.73 to 10.80 t ha-1 at the first site, where salinity caused significant yield variability (R² = 0.79). At the second site, yields per raised platform varied between 8.25 and 33.45 t ha-1. However, comparable yields were obtained in flat control plots in spite of a mid-season frost, and the minimum temperatures differed only by 1ºC in the conventional plots relative to the raised fields. These results suggest that, under the experimental conditions, the potential benefits of raised fields in terms of frost mitigation or increased yields might only be observable in exceptionally bad years, when extreme frosts wipe out entire potato crops on conventional fields. Nevertheless, it is argued that in spite of these marginally supportive observations, raised-field agriculture may still be a viable option for farmers to consider if the water-filled channels between the raised fields are managed for fish and fertilizer production

Evaluation of the approximated diffusion flamelet concept using fuels with different chemical complexity

[EN] The ability of flamelet models to reproduce turbulent combustion in devices such as diesel engines or gas turbines has enhanced the usage of these approaches in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The models based on turbulent look-up tables gener- ated from counterflow laminar diffusion flames (DF model) permit drastic reduction of the computational cost of the CFD calculation. Nevertheless, for complex molecular fuels, such as n-heptane, the oxidation process involves hundreds of species and the calculation of the transport equations together with the ODE system that models the chemical kinetics for the DF solution becomes unaffordable for industrial devices where hundreds of flamelets are required. In this context, new hypotheses have to be introduced in order to reduce the computational cost maintaining the coherence of the combustion process. Recently, a new model known as Approximated Diffusion Flamelet (ADF) has been proposed with the aim of solving the turbulent combustion for complex fuels in a reduced time. However, the validity of this model is still an open question and has to be verified in order to justify subsequent CFD calculations. This work assesses the ADF model and its ability to repro- duce accurately the combustion process and its main parameters for three fuels with dif- ferent chemical complexity and boundary conditions by its comparison with the DF model. Results show that although some discrepancies arise, the ADF model has the ability to cor- rectly describe the ignition delay and the combustion structure in the auto-ignition zone that is the most relevant one for industrial processes.Authors acknowledge that this work was possible thanks to the Ayuda para la Formacion de Profesorado Universitario (FPU 14/03278) belonging to the Subprogramas de Formacion y de Movilidad del Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte from Spain. In addition, this study was partially funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad from Spain in the frame of the COMEFF (TRA2014-59483-R) national project.Payri, F.; Novella Rosa, R.; Pastor Enguídanos, JM.; Pérez-Sánchez, EJ. (2017). Evaluation of the approximated diffusion flamelet concept using fuels with different chemical complexity. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 49:354-374. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2017.04.024S3543744

Influence of the n-dodecane chemical mechanism on the CFD modelling of the diesel-like ECN Spray A flame structure at different ambient conditions

[EN] Encouraged by the diversity of n-dodecane chemical mechanisms currently available, this investigation focuses on analysing the impact of using different fuel oxidation schemes on the diesel-like Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray A flame structure, simulated by means of an Unsteady Flamelet Progress Variable (UFPV) combustion model. The present research discusses systematically the characteristics of four n-dodecane chemical mechanisms in perfectly stirred reactors and counterflow laminar diffusion flames (flamelets) before the final evaluation in turbulent reacting sprays in order to describe the effects of adding different physical levels of complexity to the ignition of the mixtures. In addition, this analysis is complemented with the description of the effect of the boundary conditions on the flame structure. Results evidence the extreme importance of the low temperature chemistry including the period for which the cool flame extends. The different prediction of this stage between mechanisms leads to noticeable different laminar flame structures which in turn produce substantially distinct turbulent flames, especially in the vicinity of the lift-off length (LOL) in terms of reactivity and positioning in the Z-T map. Finally, simulations confirm the strong effect of the boundary conditions, especially for the ambient temperature, on the ignitable mixtures which directly impacts on the soot precursors formation. (C) 2019 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Authors acknowledge that this work was possible thanks to the Ayuda para la Formacion de Profesorado Universitario (FPU 14/03278) belonging to the Subprogramas de Formacion y de Movilidad from the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte from Spain. This work was partially funded by the Government of Spain through CHEST Project (TRA2017-89139-C2-1-R).Payri, F.; García-Oliver, JM.; Novella Rosa, R.; Pérez-Sánchez, EJ. (2019). Influence of the n-dodecane chemical mechanism on the CFD modelling of the diesel-like ECN Spray A flame structure at different ambient conditions. Combustion and Flame. 208:198-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.06.032S19821820

Abundance of Anchovy eggs by CUFES: Inter-annual fluctuations and spatial patterns.

Data on the abundance of Anchovy eggs in the Gulf of Cadiz as collected by CUFES are explored in the present work in relation to their spatial pattern and inter-annual fluctuations. These data were gathered in 12 summer surveys, both acoustic (ECOCADIZ series) and DEPM (BOCADEVA series) ones, since 2004 to date (no survey in 2012). A total of 1499 CUFES stations were sampled, which distributed from the strait of Gibraltar, in Spain, to Cape San Vicente, in Portugal (in 2010 to Cape Sta. Maria only). The sampling scheme consisted in a grid of 21 parallel transects, normal to the shoreline and inter-spaced 8 nm, with the samples being collected every 3 nm at a c.a. 600 l/min flow with a 335 μm mesh size net and at a sampling depth of 5 m from the surface. A continuous record of SST and SSS at 5 m (termosalinometer) was coupled to the CUFES sampling. The surveys were carried out in June, July or August depending on the year. Oceanographic variables such as temperature, salinity and chlorophyll, and even the bottom topography of the shelf as well, they all showed significantly different in two regions: to the East and West of the Cape S. Mª. The density of Anchovy eggs presents a high variability between stations showing a very patched distribution. The stations with most eggs are located to the East of Cape Sta. Mª. Egg abundance also showed a very high between-year variability, ranging from 2955 eggs in 2005 to 41941 eggs collected in 2014. Regarding the spatial pattern of egg distribution, the 84.9% of the total egg density (all the surveys pooled) was collected in the area east of the Cape Sta. Mª (37.4 % in 2016), and the 89.8 % of total egg density in stations bellow 100 m depth (47.9 % in 2016). What happened in 2016? The mean temperature registered in 2016 in the Western stratum (22.0ºC) was practically the same that the mean temperature registered from 2004 to 2015 in the Eastern stratum (21.7ºC). The analysis of the centers of gravity of the eggs densities vs longitude and depth show significant trends, but not for latitude, which indicate a displacement towards the West in 2016. However, no trends were found in the centers of gravity of the acoustic energy (NASC) as a proxy of adults. Is then the westward displacement of the spawning in 2016 caused by an advective transport (currents and/or winds) or by other causes? What will be the further effect on recruitment? It would be good to obtain a statistical model in order to explain how the different variables affect the abundance of eggs, including other variables like the wind, tide... The presence of deep canyons crossing the shelf in the East of Cape Sta. Mª indicates that distance to the coast would be a better variable than depth