Métrologie de la douleur animale : validation sur des modèles de douleur viscérale bovine et articulaires canins

La douleur est une expérience multidimensionnelle comportant des aspects sensoriels, émotionnels et cognitifs. Théoriquement, des méthodes de mesures comportementales, physiologiques, neurophysiologiques et sensorielles peuvent quantifier la douleur. Peu d’études ont étudié la validation des mesures utilisées en médecine vétérinaire. La recherche combine les travaux de Maîtrise et de Doctorat, traite en partie de la validité de méthodes. Dans cet objectif, nos travaux de recherche étudiaient la validité de méthodes comportementales, physiologiques et neurophysiologiques usuelles pour la mesure de la douleur en comparant les expressions de douleur (vache et chien) chez des animaux contrôle par comparaison à des animaux sous analgésie préventive ou sous traitement curatif suivant une douleur induite par chirurgie (modèles de douleur viscérale bovine ou orthopédique canine) ou causée par une maladie naturelle (arthrose canine). Une première étude comparait les mesures de la douleur entre les vaches du groupe placebo et celles sous analgésie postopératoire sur une durée de 21 jours suivant l’induction d’une douleur viscérale chronique. Les vaches du groupe placebo ont présenté une plus forte sensibilité à la douleur et une diminution de la noradrénaline et de la transthyrétine mesurées dans le liquide cérébro-spinal, une diminution de l’activité motrice (AM) (moindre que dans les groupes avec analgésie), de l’agitation enregistrée par vidéo-analyse et une augmentation du stress selon la mesure de l’activité électrodermique (AED). Les méthodes d’intérêt identifiées étaient les marqueurs spinaux, la mesure de la sensibilisation, de comportements par vidéo-analyse et de l’AM par bio-télémétrie. En utilisant des méthodes semblables à celles précédemment décrites, deux études expérimentales de douleur orthopédique ont été réalisées afin de comparer les réponses à la douleur entre des chiens traités avec une analgésie préventive (opioïdes et anti-inflammatoires, étude #2) ou un biphosphonate (tiludronate, étude #3) par comparaison à des chiens contrôles. Seules les échelles de douleur étaient différentes entre les études de recherche. Pour l’étude #2, les ii chiens sous analgésie ont présenté de plus faibles scores de douleur mesurés avec l’échelle de douleur nommée 4A-VET et ceci simultanément à une faible réponse de l’AED une heure après la chirurgie de trochléoplastie. La fréquence du comportement spontané de ‘la marche avec plein appui de la patte opérée’ mesurée à l’aide de la vidéo-analyse augmentait chez les chiens sous analgésie préventive 24 heures après la chirurgie. L’étude #3 démontrait surtout l’apparition de sensibilisation centrale (à la fois par l’évaluation sensorielle quantitative et les marqueurs spinaux) chez les chiens contrôle, 56 jours après l’induction d’arthrose chirurgicale. Ainsi, les chiens traités avec le tiludronate ont présenté une différence sur la substance P et la transthyrétine cérébro-spinale, une diminution de la sensibilisation périphérique, plus d’appui de la patte opérée lors de la marche selon la mesure du pic de force verticale (PFV), une augmentation de la fréquence de ‘la marche avec plein appui de la patte opérée’. La sensibilisation centrale était associée à la diminution de PFV, et une augmentation de l’AED et du comportement spontané de ‘la marche avec plein appui de la patte opérée’. Pour l’étude #4, la validité et la sensibilité des méthodes ont été évaluées dans une condition d’arthrose naturelle chez des chiens traités avec une diète enrichie en moule verte, un produit ayant des effets anti-inflammatoires et chondroprotecteurs attendus. Les chiens traités présentaient une diminution des scores de douleur via l’échelle nommée CSOM, une augmentation de PFV et une augmentation de l’AM. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats confirment que la vidéo-analyse évaluait la douleur de façon objective et pour des modèles différents de douleur et les marqueurs spinaux sont prometteurs. Le PFV était spécifique de la douleur orthopédique. La sensibilisation était présente lors de douleur pathologique. L’AED n’est pas valide pour la mesure de la douleur. La baisse d’AM suggèrerait un comportement de douleur. Les études étaient exploratoires pour les échelles de douleur en raison de leur niveau (débutant) de développement et du manque d’informations sur les qualités métrologiques de ces mesures.Pain is a multidimensional experience involving sensitive, emotional and cognitive components. Theoretically, there are multiple methods by which pain can be assessed including sensitive, behavioural, physiological, or neurophysiological measurements. However, little work has been done to validate these measurements in veterinary medicine. The presented research program including both Master and Doctorate works was intended to address partially this paucity of research. For this purpose, our work would validate some behavioural and physiological methods of pain assessment by contrasting pain expressions (cows and dogs) in painful animals (negative control) and animals treated with preventive analgesic or curative treatment following surgery-induced (bovine visceral and canine orthopaedic models) pain or natural occurring disease (osteoarthritis in dog). A pain study was first conducted to compare measurements of placebo treated-cows with postoperative analgesic treated-cows during 21 days following surgical induction of sustained visceral pain. Placebo treated-cows were found to have increased pain sensitization and decreased concentration of cerebrospinal fluid noradrenaline and transthyretin, less motor activity (but higher than in analgesic groups), more restlessness recorded with video-analysis and increased partially stress with measurement of electrodermal activity (EDA). This first study allowed a selection of methods of interest for pain evaluation including spinal biomarkers, measurement of sensitization, behavioural recording with video-analysis and motor activity with biotelemetry. Therefore, two canine pain experiments, with use of similar methods of pain assessment presented above, were performed to compare responses to pain between preventive analgesics treated-dogs (opioids and anti-inflammatory drug, study #2) or a bisphosphonate (tiludronate in study #3) with placebo-treated dogs. Only the pain scales were different among the projects. For project #2, analgesic treated-dogs were found to have lower pain scores measured with the so-called 4A-VET postoperative pain scale while simultaneously exhibiting reduction of EDA response up to 1 hour following trochleoplasty. In addition, the occurrence rate of the spontaneous behaviour ‘Walking with full weight bearing of the operated leg’ recorded with video-analysis, was higher in analgesic treated-dogs when compared with the placebotreated dogs at 24 hours post trochleoplasty. The pain study #3 was then conducted and demonstrated central sensitization (assessed with quantitative sensory testing and spinal biomarkers) in all control dogs at 56 days post induction of the canine osteoarthritis pain model. Nevertheless, tiludronate treated-dogs were found to have different spinal biomarkers (substance P and transthyretin), decreased peripheral sensitization, more peak vertical force (PVF), which is a kinetic gait parameter, and increased occurrence rate of ‘Walking with full weight bearing of the operated leg’. Interestingly, the central sensitization was associated negatively with PVF and positively with both EDA and ‘Walking with full weight bearing of the operated leg’. Finally, a fourth pain study was conducted to examine whether some of the methods performed validity and sensitivity in clinical condition with osteoarthritic dogs. For this purpose, osteoarthritic dogs were treated with a green-lipped mussel enriched-diet, having both anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective expected activities. The treated-dogs were found to have low pain scores measured with the pain scale for owner named CSOM, increased PVF and motor activity. Indeed, CSOM scores were associated with both PVF and motor activity. Taken together, the results suggest that video-analysis would assess pain expression through objective, predictive and unique evaluation whatever the species or the model, whereas spinal biomarkers are promising. The PVF changes were related to orthopaedic pain. Sensitization appeared to be common to the pathological pain pattern. The EDA was not validated for pain assessment in animals. Decreased motor activity is pain suggestive. Psychometric evaluation of the pain scales remained only exploratory at this (early) stage of development and knowledge of the present pain scales

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

ENQUETE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE SUR UN EPISODE DE BRUCELLOSE BOVINE EN BASSE LOIRE

MARCY L'ETOILE-Ec.Nat.Vétéri (691272301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Mécanismes moléculaires de régulation de la durée de vie des cellules dentritiques spléniques murines

La durée de vie des cellules dendritiques (CDs) contrôle l'amplitude des réponses immunitaires et la tolérance mais les mécanismes moléculaires précis régulant leur survie in vivo sont méconnus. Les cellules Bid-/- résistent à l'apoptose induite par différentes voies cytotoxiques. J'ai montré que la cross-présentation des antigènes aux lymphocytes T est accrue dans des souris Bid-/- en absence de signaux de maturation. Nous n'avons pas pu confirmer l'hypothèse selon laquelle cette augmentation de cross-présentation serait due à un défaut d'élimination des CDs immatures par les LTs. J'ai montré que l'injection de poly(I:C) induit in vivo l'apoptose des CDs conventionnelles spléniques murines, apoptose reposant en partie sur le récepteur cytosolique MDA-5. En réponse au poly(I:C), les CDs CD8a+ produisent des interférons de type I qui contrôlent leur durée de vie. J'ai ainsi mis en évidence une nouvelle voie d'apoptose des CDs par les ARNdb et un nouveau rôle immunorégulateur des IFN-I.Regulation of dendritic cell (DC) lifespan contributes to the maintenance of tolerance and to the regulation of immune responses amplitude. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this control are not fully elucidated. Bid-/- cells are resistant to apoptosis induced by different cytotoxic pathways. I show that antigen cross-presentation to T lymphocytes is improved in Bid-/- mice in absence of inflammatory signals. We postulated that this increased cross- presentation could be due to a defect of immature DC elimination by T lymphocytes, hypothesis we couldn't confirm. We also show that poly(LC) injection induces splenic conventional DC apoptosis in vivo. Apoptosis relies partially on recognition of poly(I:C) by the cytosolic receptor MDA-5. CD8a+ DCs respond to poly(I:C) by producing type I interferons, that control their lifespan. Our results highlight a new pro-apoptotic pathway in DCs induced by poly(I:C) and identify a new feedback regulatory role for the type I IFN response.PARIS5-BU Méd.Cochin (751142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Preliminary Validation and Reliability Testing of the Montreal Instrument for Cat Arthritis Testing, for Use by Veterinarians, in a Colony of Laboratory Cats

Subtle signs and conflicting physical and radiographic findings make feline osteoarthritis (OA) challenging to diagnose. A physical examination-based assessment was developed, consisting of eight items: Interaction, Exploration, Posture, Gait, Body Condition, Coat and Claws, (joint) Palpation–Findings, and Palpation–Cat Reaction. Content (experts) and face (veterinary students) validity were excellent. Construct validity, internal consistency, and intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed via a pilot and main study, using laboratory-housed cats with and without OA. Gait distinguished OA status in the pilot ( p = 0.05) study. In the main study, no scale item achieved statistically significant OA detection. Forelimb peak vertical ground reaction force (PVF) correlated inversely with Gait (Rho s = −0.38 ( p = 0.03) to −0.41 ( p = 0.02)). Body Posture correlated with Gait, and inversely with forelimb PVF at two of three time points (Rho s = −0.38 ( p = 0.03) to −0.43 ( p = 0.01)). Palpation (Findings, Cat Reaction) did not distinguish OA from non-OA cats. Palpation—Cat Reaction (Forelimbs) correlated inversely with forelimb PVF at two time points (Rho s = −0.41 ( p = 0.02) to −0.41 ( p = 0.01)), but scores were highly variable, and poorly reliable. Gait and Posture require improved sensitivity, and Palpation should be interpreted cautiously, in diagnosing feline OA

Evoked temporal summation in cats to highlight central sensitization related to osteoarthritis-associated chronic pain: a preliminary study.

In cats, osteoarthritis causes significant chronic pain. Chronicity of pain is associated with changes in the central nervous system related to central sensitization, which have to be quantified. Our objectives were 1) to develop a quantitative sensory testing device in cats for applying repetitive mechanical stimuli that would evoke temporal summation; 2) to determine the sensitivity of this test to osteoarthritis-associated pain, and 3) to examine the possible correlation between the quantitative sensory testing and assessment using other pain evaluation methods. We hypothesized that mechanical sub-threshold repetitive stimuli would evoke temporal summation, and that cats with osteoarthritis would show a faster response. A blinded longitudinal study was performed in 4 non-osteoarthritis cats and 10 cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Quantification of chronic osteoarthritis pain-related disability was performed over a two week period using peak vertical force kinetic measurement, motor activity intensity assessment and von Frey anesthesiometer-induced paw withdrawal threshold testing. The cats afflicted with osteoarthritis demonstrated characteristic findings consistent with osteoarthritis-associated chronic pain. After a 14-day acclimation period, repetitive mechanical sub-threshold stimuli were applied using a purpose-developed device. Four stimulation profiles of predetermined intensity, duration and time interval were applied randomly four times during a four-day period. The stimulation profiles were different (P<0.001): the higher the intensity of the stimulus, the sooner it produced a consistent painful response. The cats afflicted with osteoarthritis responded more rapidly than cats osteoarthritis free (P = 0.019). There was a positive correlation between the von Frey anesthesiometer-induced paw withdrawal threshold and the response to stimulation profiles #2 (2N/0.4 Hz) and #4 (2N/0.4 Hz): Rhos = 0.64 (P = 0.01) and 0.63 (P = 0.02) respectively. This study is the first report of mechanical temporal summation in awake cats. Our results suggest that central sensitization develops in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis, providing an opportunity to improve translational research in osteoarthritis-associated chronic pain

Validation of Orthopedic Postoperative Pain Assessment Methods for Dogs: A Prospective, Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

<div><p>In the context of translational research, there is growing interest in studying surgical orthopedic pain management approaches that are common to humans and dogs. The validity of postoperative pain assessment methods is uncertain with regards to responsiveness and the potential interference of analgesia. The hypothesis was that video analysis (as a reference), electrodermal activity, and two subjective pain scales (VAS and 4A-VET) would detect different levels of pain intensity in dogs after a standardized trochleoplasty procedure. In this prospective, blinded, randomized study, postoperative pain was assessed in 25 healthy dogs during a 48-hour time frame (T). Pain was managed with placebo (Group 1, n = 10), preemptive and multimodal analgesia (Group 2, n = 5), or preemptive analgesia consisting in oral tramadol (Group 3, n = 10). Changes over time among groups were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Multivariate regression tested the significance of relationships between pain scales and video analysis. Video analysis identified that one orthopedic behavior, namely ‘Walking with full weight bearing’ of the operated leg, decreased more in Group 1 at T24 (indicative of pain), whereas three behaviors indicative of sedation decreased in Group 2 at T24 (all p<0.004). Electrodermal activity was higher in Group 1 than in Groups 2 and 3 until T1 (p<0.0003). The VAS was not responsive. 4A-VET showed divergent results as its orthopedic component (4A-VETleg) detected lower pain in Group 2 until T12 (p<0.0009), but its interactive component (4A-VETbeh) was increased in Group 2 from T12 to T48 (p<0.001). Concurrent validity established that 4A-VETleg scores the painful orthopedic condition accurately and that pain assessment through 4A-VETbeh and VAS was severely biased by the sedative side-effect of the analgesics. Finally, the video analysis offered a concise template for assessment in dogs with acute orthopedic pain. However, subjective pain quantification methods and electrodermal activity need further investigation.</p> </div

A Wake-Up Call for Routine Morbidity and Mortality Review Meeting Procedures as Part of a Quality Governance Programs in Radiation Therapy Departments: Results of the PROUST Survey

International audiencePURPOSE:Morbidity and mortality review (MMR) meetings in radiation therapy (RT) departments aim to monitor radiation-induced toxicities and identify potential factors that may be correlated with their development and severity, particularly treatment planning errors. The aims of the Prospective Registration of Morbidity and Mortality, Individual Radiosensitivity and Radiation Technique (PROUST) survey were to make an inventory of existing MMR procedures and to describe their procedures.METHODS AND MATERIALS:The link to the web-based questionnaire of the PROUST survey was sent to 351 radiation oncologists working at 172 centers. The questionnaire included items related to organization, frequency, membership, governance, reasons for nonimplementation of MMR, and interest in its creation.RESULTS:As of July 2017, 108 responses had been received from the 172 centers, of which 107 responses were completed for analysis. All centers declared that they had initiated a quality assurance program in their department, including implementation of feedback committees dedicated to the registration, analysis, and correction of precursor events. Less than half of the centers (47%) had implemented MMR procedures. However, there was significant confusion regarding feedback committees in a majority of the centers. MMRs were organized every 6 and 12 months in 21% and 15%, respectively, of the centers. In 60% of the centers, toxicity grade ≥3 was the main reason for the MMR initiation. In routine practice, contouring and dosimetry files were reviewed by 66% and 83%, respectively, of centers practicing MMR. However, only 40% of the centers enrolled data in a registry dedicated to surveillance. Finally, 78% of centers expressed interest in initiating a consensual procedure.CONCLUSIONS:MMRs are not systematically implemented in RT departments worldwide. In France and in Europe, few departments with quality assurance programs have implemented MMRs. This survey showed that a large majority of centers are interested in implementing an MMR with a formalized procedure. Our project could help increase the interest of the RT community worldwide in this topic

Characterization of the mechanical stimuli provided by each stimulation profile.

<p>Characterization of the mechanical stimuli provided by each stimulation profile.</p