The context-contingent nature of cross-modal activations of the visual cortex

Real-world environments are nearly always multisensory in nature. Processing in such situations confers perceptual advantages, but its automaticity remains poorly understood. Automaticity has been invoked to explain the activation of visual cortices by laterally-presented sounds. This has been observed even when the sounds were task-irrelevant and spatially uninformative about subsequent targets. An auditory-evoked contralateral occipital positivity (ACOP) at ~250ms post-sound onset has been postulated as the event-related potential (ERP) correlate of this cross-modal effect. However, the spatial dimension of the stimuli was nevertheless relevant in virtually all prior studies where the ACOP was observed. By manipulating the implicit predictability of the location of lateralised sounds in a passive auditory paradigm, we tested the automaticity of cross-modal activations of visual cortices. 128-channel ERP data from healthy participants were analysed within an electrical neuroimaging framework. The timing, topography, and localisation resembled previous characterisations of the ACOP. However, the cross-modal activations of visual cortices by sounds were critically dependent on whether the sound location was (un)predictable. Our results are the first direct evidence that this particular cross-modal process is not (fully) automatic; instead, it is context-contingent. More generally, the present findings provide novel insights into the importance of context-related factors in controlling information processing across the senses, and call for a revision of current models of automaticity in cognitive sciences

COVID-19 MISINFORMATION: HOW DOES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION LITERACY PREVENT IT?

This article aims to examine the importance of information literacy and scientific literacy skills to prevent exposure to misinformation in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. Believing in misinformation encourages behaviour that is detrimental to individuals and groups due to anxiety, fear, uncertainty, and a lack of critical thinking skills. This study uses a qualitative approach with a systematic literature review (SLR) method. Through the SLR method, this article uses various sources of empirical research by collecting data and information to analyze elements in information literacy and scientific literacy that can identify misinformation. Information literacy is considered to be more useful in preventing belief in misinformation compared to the concepts of digital literacy, media literacy, and news literacy. Information literacy skills with information verification, and supported by scientific literacy with intellectual virtue, can recognize misinformation about COVID-19 so that it can prevent individuals from believing in misinformation that can result in errors of action. Scientific information literacy needs practical intervention to the public, one of which is through the role of educational institutions

MODEL LITERASI INFORMASI SAINTIFIK BAGI GURU SOSIOLOGI DALAM MENGHADAPI MISINFORMASI SEPUTAR COVID-19

Kondisi pandemi COVID-19 di era post-truth mendorong banyaknya misinformasi yang memicu terjadinya kekacauan terhadap penanganan pandemi. Misinformasi dapat diterima pada semua anggota masyarakat, termasuk peserta didik pada jenjang pendidikan menengah. Beberapa guru sosiologi di Kota Bandung telah melakukan upaya untuk menjadikan informasi COVID-19 sebagai bahan materi dalam pembelajaran sosiologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengonstruksikan model literasi informasi saintifik bagi guru sosiologi dalam menghadapi misinformasi seputar COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Sumber data diambil melalui proses wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) guru sosiologi menyadari informasi di era post-truth yang mengeksploitasi emosi dan keyakinan personal dengan berupaya untuk menjaga nalar rasional dan kesehatan mental peserta didik melalui pendekatan literasi informasi saintifik.; 2) guru sosiologi memanfaatkan misinformasi seputar COVID-19 sebagai bahan untuk melakukan pembelajaran kontekstual sesuai dengan kompetensi abad-21; 3) literasi informasi saintifik diwujudkan dalam dimensi kurikuler dan metodologis dilakukan oleh guru sosiologi sebagai agensi dalam melakukan perubahan menghadapi beragam kesimpangsiuran informasi kepada peserta didik

Selective attention to sound features mediates cross-modal activation of visual cortices.

Contemporary schemas of brain organization now include multisensory processes both in low-level cortices as well as at early stages of stimulus processing. Evidence has also accumulated showing that unisensory stimulus processing can result in cross-modal effects. For example, task-irrelevant and lateralised sounds can activate visual cortices; a phenomenon referred to as the auditory-evoked contralateral occipital positivity (ACOP). Some claim this is an example of automatic attentional capture in visual cortices. Other results, however, indicate that context may play a determinant role. Here, we investigated whether selective attention to spatial features of sounds is a determining factor in eliciting the ACOP. We recorded high-density auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) while participants selectively attended and discriminated sounds according to four possible stimulus attributes: location, pitch, speaker identity or syllable. Sound acoustics were held constant, and their location was always equiprobable (50% left, 50% right). The only manipulation was to which sound dimension participants attended. We analysed the AEP data from healthy participants within an electrical neuroimaging framework. The presence of sound-elicited activations of visual cortices depended on the to-be-discriminated, goal-based dimension. The ACOP was elicited only when participants were required to discriminate sound location, but not when they attended to any of the non-spatial features. These results provide a further indication that the ACOP is not automatic. Moreover, our findings showcase the interplay between task-relevance and spatial (un)predictability in determining the presence of the cross-modal activation of visual cortices

Upaya Peningkatan Keterampilan Proses Sainspeserta Didik Melalui Metode Eksperimen Materi Gaya Pada Kelas Iv Sd 4 Gribig Kudus

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan peningkatan keterampilan proses sains peserta didik kelas IV SD 4 Gribig dengan penerapan metode eksperimen dan mendeskripsikan peningkatan keterampilan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran IPA setelah diterapkan metode eksperimen. Keterampilan proses sains merupakan kemampuan peserta didik untuk menemukan sesuatu dalam dunia sekitar. Peningkatan keterampilan proses sains dapat dilakukan melalui penerapan metode eksperimen. Metode eksperimen merupakan cara mengajar di mana peserta didik melakukan suatu percobaan dengan mengalami dan membuktikan sendiri sesuatu yang dipelajari. Hipotesis penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah melalui penerapan metode eksperimen dapat meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains peserta didik kelas IV SD 4 Gribig Kudus dan dapat meningkatkan keterampilan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran IPA. Penelitian ini akan dilaksanakan di kelas IV SD 4 Gribig dengan subjek penelitian 18 peserta didik dan guru yang berlangsung selama dua siklus. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus, setiap siklus terdiri dari tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen, sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah keterampilan proses sains. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, wawancara, tes, dan dokumentasi.Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Indikator keberhasilan penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah kemampuan keterampilan proses sains yang dimiliki peserta didik kelas IV SD 4 Gribig pada setiap indikator minimal mencapai 75% dengan kriteria baik dan keterampilan guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran IPA dengan penerapan metode eksperimen mencapai nilai 75 dengan kriteria baik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen dapat meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains peserta didik dan keterampilan mengajar guru. Hasil penelitian pada siklus I keterampilan proses sains memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 25,27 dengan persentase klasikal sebesar 63,18% masuk pada kualifikasi baik. Pada siklus II nilai rata-rata kelas meningkat menjadi 31,13 dengan persentase klasikal sebesar 77,93% masuk pada kualifikasi baik dan telah mencapai indikator keberhasilan ≥75. Keterampilan mengajar guru siklus I sebesar 149 dengan kualifikasi sangat baik dan meningkat pada siklus II sebesar 155,5 dengan kualifikasi sangat baik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tindakan kelas dapat disimpulkan bahwa keterampilan proses sains peserta didik dan keterampilan mengajar guru dapat meningkat melalui metode eksperimen pada materi gaya di kelas IV SD 4 Gribig. Adapun saran yang diberikan yaitu guru sebaiknya dapat menggunakan metode eksperimen sebagai solusi untuk meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains peserta didik

PENGARUH DESAIN PRODUK TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN SEPEDA MOTOR SUZUKI ADRESS : Survei Dilakukan Pada Pengguna Suzuki Adress Di Kota Bandung

Permasalahan yang terjadi dalam penelitian ini adalah rendahnya keputusan pembelin Suzuki Adrress di kota Bandung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran mengenai desain produk, keputusan pembelian, dan mengetahui seberapa pengaruh desain produk terhadap keputusan pembelian sepeda motor Suzuki Address. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode explanatory survey dengan waktu yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah cross sectional method. Populasi yang diteliti adalah para pengguna Suzuki Adress Di Kota Bandung. Sementara itu teknik pengumpulan data dari penelitian ini adalah Studi kepustakaan, angket, riset lapanga dengan melakukan pengamatan langsung ke objek yang dijadikan sasaran.Teknik penarikan sampel yang digunakan adalah teknik probability sampling dengan cara menarik sampel secara simple random sampling, dan jumlah sampel yang diambil sebesar 74 dari jumlah populasi sebesar 280. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linear sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa desain produk dari Sepeda motor Suzuki address termasuk pada kategori tinggi, sedangkan keputusan pembelian dari motor Suzuki address termasuk pada kategori tinggi berdasarkan uji hipotesis yang sudah dilakukan menunjukan bahwa desain produk memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian. Kata Kunci : Desain Produk, Keputusan Pembelian, Bentuk ABSTRACT The issue that appear in this research is low purchase decision of Suzuki address motorcycle in Bandung. The purpose of this research is to know the description of product design, purchase decision and how the purchace decision influence the product design. This research method using explanatory survey and the time that spent on research is a cross sectional method. The population examined was the users of Suzuki addresses in Bandung, while the technique of collecting data from this research is literature study, questionnaires, research of Field by direct observation to an object that made in the target. Mechanical withdrawal of the sample using random sampling techniques from 74 sample of 280 population. Data were analyzed using simple linear regression analysis. The result of this research show that the product design from suzuki address motorcycle are in the high category and the purchase decision from suzuki address motorcycle are in high category too based on test the hypothesis that was done showed that product design has significant effects against the purchasing decision. ` Keywords: Product Design, Purchasing Decisions, Form

Temporal judgments in multi–sensory space

To successfully interact with the environment requires a combination of stimulus recognition as well as localization in both space and time, with information moreover coming from multiple senses. Several studies have shown that auditory stimuli last subjectively longer than visual ones of equal duration. Recently, it has also been suggested that stimulus position affects duration perception. The present study investigated how lateral spatial presentation influences sub-second visual and auditory duration judgments. Five experiments were conducted using the duration discrimination paradigm, wherein two stimuli are presented sequentially and participants are asked to judge whether the second stimulus (comparison) is shorter or longer in duration than the first (standard). The number of stimulus positions and the way in which different modality trials were presented (mixed or blocked) varied. Additionally, comparisons were made either within or across modalities. No stable effect of location itself was found. However, in mixed modality experiments there was a clear over-estimation of duration in visual trials when the location of the comparison was different from the standard. This effect was reversed in the same location trials. Auditory judgments were unaffected by location manipulations. Based on these results, we propose the existence of an error-mechanism, according to which a specific duration is added in order to compensate for the loss of duration perception caused by spatial attention shifts between different locations. This mechanism is revealed in spatial and modality-mixed circumstances wherein its over-activation results in a systematic temporal bias

PENGARUH BUDAYA POPULER BERNUANSA ISLAMI TERHADAP PERILAKU RELIGIUS MAHASISWA : Studi Deskriptif terhadap Mahasiswa FPIPS UPI

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kebutuhan spiritual masyarakat modern yang mampu menyeimbangkan antara kehidupan modern dan keagamaan, serta dapat saling berdamai di dalamnya, salah satunya melalui budaya populer. Hal ini juga dilakukan oleh mahasiswa Fakultas Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (FPIPS UPI) untuk memenuhi kebutuhan spiritualnya dengan tetap mengikuti tren dengan budaya populer bernuansa islami. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh budaya populer bernuansa islami terhadap perilaku religius mahasiswa FPIPS UPI. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik acak sederhana (simple random sampling) tanpa memperhatikan strata pada populasi dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 96 orang. Teknik pengambilan data dilakukan dengan angket. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Penggunaan budaya populer bernuansa islami pada mahasiswa FPIPS UPI pada umumnya tergolong pada kategori tinggi. (2) Perilaku religius mahasiswa FPIPS UPI pada umumnya tergolong pada kategori sedang dengan indikator ibadah dan akhlak. (3) Hasil dari uji korelasi menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh budaya populer bernuansa islami terhadap perilaku religius mahasiswa FPIPS UPI adalah cukup kuat dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar 29%.;--- This research is motivated by the spiritual needs of modern people who are able to balance between modern and religious life, and can reconcile with both of them, through by popular culture. This was also done by students of the Faculty of Social Sciences Education of Indonesian University of Education (FPIPS UPI) to fulfill their spiritual needs while still following the trend with popular culture. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of popular culture with Islamic nuances on the religious behavior of FPIPS UPI students. This study uses a quantitative approach with descriptive methods. The sampling technique is using simple random without regard to the strata in the population with a total sample up to 96 people. The data collection technique is done by questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The use of popular culture with Islamic nuances in students of FPIPS UPI is generally classified as high. (2) The religious behavior of FPIPS UPI students is generally classified as a medium category with indicators of worship and morality. (3) The results of the correlation test shows that the influence of popular culture with Islamic nuances on the religious behavior of students of FPIPS UPI are quite strong with a coefficient of determination of 29%