¿Aula segura o aula ciudadana?

A presentation of the legislative process of the Project "Safe Classroom", promoted by the government of Chile in 2018 to address episodes of school violence is made. After reviewing the arguments presented to promote this law, a critical analysis is made of it, considering its foundations and implications. Subsequently, a link is established between this type of policies with those of “zero tolerance”, developed in different countries of the world, especially in matters of public security. Finally, complex implications for the incorporation of this perspective in school culture and dynamics are identified.Se hace una presentación del trámite legislativo del Proyecto “Aula Segura”, impulsado por el gobierno de Chile en 2018 para abordar episodios de violencia escolar. Luego de revisar los argumentos presentados para promover esta ley, se hace un análisis crítico de la misma, considerando sus fundamentos e implicancias. Posteriormente, se establece un vínculo entre este tipo de políticas con las de “tolerancia cero”, desarrolladas en distintos países del mundo, especialmente en materia de seguridad pública. Finalmente, se identifican complejas implicancias para la incorporación de esta perspectiva en la cultura y dinámica escolar

Filosofía, violencia y educación

The scenario of the Chilean education crisis can be read from the point of view of the challenges imposed by the facticity, factuality or contingency of structural violence and the symbolic violence suffered by the system and the actors who live their school experience. This challenge was present at the constituent moment and in the discussions for a new magna carta. However, communication in this case was blocked and the readings on education were rather combined in the conservative discussion between the right to education and the freedom of teaching. However, from a philosophy and from a Latin American Ethic of Interculturality - like those of the Chilean philosopher Ricardo Salas Astrain- it is possible to open new horizons of meaning, reflexivity, and argumentatively relevant proposalsEl escenario de la crisis de la educación chilena puede ser leído desde el punto de vista de los desafíos que impone la facticidad de la violencia estructural y la violencia simbólica que sufre el sistema y los actores que viven su experiencia escolar. Este desafío estuvo presente en el momento constituyente y en las discusiones por una nueva carta magna. No obstante la comunicación en este caso resultó trabada y las lecturas sobre educación se conjugaron más bien en la conservadora discusión entre el derecho a la educación y la libertad de enseñanza. No obstante, desde una filosofía y desde una Ética Latinoamericana de la Interculturalidad -como la del filósofo chileno Ricardo Salas Astrain- es posible abrir nuevos horizontes de sentido, de reflexividad, y de propuestas argumentativamente relevantes

A six-minute walking test: maximum oxygen consumption in physical education students

The Six-Minute Walking Test (SMWT) was completed just in few times in apparently healthy young individuals and university students, while the maximal volume of oxygen consumption (VO2max) prediction has not been taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to elaborate a prediction equation for VO2max from the heart rate recovery (HRR) after completion the SMWT. 127 young in the first stage completed the SMWT and Course Navette Test (CNT), 17 in the second stage (test-retest) completed the SMWT and CNT, and 20 subjects in the third stage completed the SMWT and Bruce test. All physical education students (PES) completions an informed consent. A significant correlation was observed between VO2max estimated trough the CNT and HRR after the SMWT (rho= -0.3; p= 0.001). The correlation between the same variables was r= -0.72 (p= 0.001) in the second stage, and a significant correlation (r= -0.65; p= 0.002) was observed between VO2max directly measured in Bruce test and HRR after the SMWT. From the correlation a prediction equation was elaborated is y= 92.468-(0.278*20-second-HRR) and the standard error of estimation (SEE) was 7.17 ml·kg-1·min-1. The HRR achieved after the SMWT may predict VO2max in PES

Os ODS nos relatórios de sustentabilidade em empresas do Equador, Colômbia e Chile

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) linked to the 2030 Agenda have been widely accepted by public and private companies, with many choosing to incorporate them within the framework of their social responsibility initiatives. This research article aims to find out how the SDGs are reflected in corporate sustainability reports and in which business activities they stand out the most. To this end, using a sequential explanatory methodology, the authors analyzed 12 sustainability reports issued in 2021 by large companies in Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador to verify their alignment with the SDGs. The reports showed evidence of a diverse range of programs associated with at least three SDGs, thus highlighting the importance of fulfilling not only the needs based on each company’s field of expertise but also those of its audiences and the community in general. The most prevalent SDGs were “decent work and economic growth” (SDG 8) and “gender equality” (SDG 5), followed by “responsible consumption and production” (SDG 12). This paper contributes to a growing interest among academia in the research on sustainability communication evidenced in annual reports.Iniciativas globales como los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, ODS, impulsados por las Naciones Unidas, han sido fuertemente promovidos gracias a la acogida que las empresas públicas y privadas han dado en el marco de sus acciones de responsabilidad social; sin embargo se requiere conocer de qué manera los ODS se reflejan en los reportes de sostenibilidad y cuáles son los de mayor presencia. Se realizó un análisis de contenido a los reportes de sostenibilidad del año 2021 de doce grandes empresas de Colombia, Chile y Ecuador para constatar su relación con los ODS. Los hallazgos mostraron que, a pesar de la pandemia, las empresas mantuvieron sus programas de responsabilidad social conscientes del valor de las comunicaciones. La creación de trabajo decente y el crecimiento económico (ODS 8) así como la igualdad de género (ODS 5) son los ODS más frecuentes, seguidos de la producción y el consumo responsable (ODS 12). Los informes también mostraron que las empresas han implementado una gama de programas con más de tres ODS, lo que destaca la importancia de no solo satisfacer las necesidades del campo de especialización de cada empresa, sino también las necesidades de sus públicos y comunidad en general.Iniciativas globais como os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, ODS, promovidos pelas Nações Unidas, têm sido fortemente promovidas graças à acolhida que empresas públicas e privadas têm dado no âmbito de suas ações de responsabilidade social; porém, é preciso saber como os ODS se refletem nos relatórios de sustentabilidade e quais têm maior presença. Foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo nos relatórios de sustentabilidade 2021 de doze grandes empresas da Colômbia, Chile e Equador para verificar sua relação com os ODS. As descobertas mostraram que, apesar da pandemia, as empresas mantiveram seus programas de responsabilidade social conscientes do valor das comunicações. A criação de trabalho decente e crescimento econômico (ODS 8), bem como a igualdade de gênero (ODS 5) são os ODS mais frequentes, seguidos pela produção e consumo responsáveis (ODS 12). Os relatórios também mostraram que as empresas implementaram uma série de programas com mais de três ODS, destacando a importância de atender não apenas às necessidades da área de atuação de cada empresa, mas também às necessidades de seus públicos e da comunidade em geral

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation improves survival in a novel 24-hour pig model of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome

Indexación: Web of Science; Pub Med CentralExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly being used to treat severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, there is limited clinical evidence about how to optimize the technique. Experimental research can provide an alternative to fill the actual knowledge gap. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate an animal model of acute lung injury (ALI) which resembled severe ARDS, and which could be successfully supported with ECMO. Eighteen pigs were randomly allocated into three groups: sham, ALI, and ALI + ECMO. ALI was induced by a double-hit consisting in repeated saline lavage followed by a 2-hour period of injurious ventilation. All animals were followed up to 24 hours while being ventilated with conventional ventilation (tidal volume 10 ml/kg). The lung injury model resulted in severe hypoxemia, increased airway pressures, pulmonary hypertension, and altered alveolar membrane barrier function, as indicated by an increased protein concentration in bronchoalveolar fluid, and increased wet/dry lung weight ratio. Histologic examination revealed severe diffuse alveolar damage, characteristic of ARDS. Veno-venous ECMO was started at the end of lung injury induction with a flow > 60 ml/kg/min resulting in rapid reversal of hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. Mortality was 0, 66.6 and 16.6% in the SHAM, ALI and ALI + ECMO groups, respectively (p < 0.05). This is a novel clinically relevant animal model that can be used to optimize the approach to ECMO and foster translational research in extracorporeal lung support.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4931177

Water consumption and preliminary crop coefficients of two Populus ×canadensis clones (‘I-214’ and ‘I-488’) grown at low planting density

Aim of study: The productivity of poplar plantations in Mediterranean climates might be reduced due to lower precipitations in a climate change scenario. Therefore, understanding the water consumption in these plantations is essential for their management. The objective of this study was to estimate water consumption and preliminary crop coefficients (kc) of two universally used poplar clones (Populus x Canadensis ‘I-214’ and ‘I-488’).Area of study: Central Chile (36º 05 'LS; 72º 47' LW; 470 m.a.s.l.).Materials and methods: Commercial stands of poplar clones established in 2009 and 2010 at low density (6×6 m) were used to experiment during the 2016-2017 growing season. In each of them, water balance was measuring, by determining evaporation using micro lysimeters and transpiration using the sap flow. Additionally, the water status and the leaf area index (LAI) were measured to understand the behaviour of both clones.Main results: Although the water supplied to both clones was the same, the transpiration (T) was higher for ‘I-488’ than ‘I-214’, at those moments in which the evapotranspiration (ETr) and the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was higher. On the other hand, differences were observed in plant water status, ‘I-488’ had more negative xilematic water potential (Ψx) compared to ‘I-214’. In turn, I-214 proved to have a higher Leaf Area Index (LAI) than I-488 and grew more during the season, refuting its greater efficiency.Research highlights: These results allow characterizing the water behaviour of both clones in Mediterranean climate condition, but it is necessary to extend the study to more seasons and different age ranges.Keywords: Crop coefficient; water consumption; water balance; poplar

Morphometric analysis of airways in pre-COPD and mild COPD lungs using continuous surface representations of the bronchial lumen

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a prevalent respiratory disease that presents a high rate of underdiagnosis during onset and early stages. Studies have shown that in mild COPD patients, remodeling of the small airways occurs concurrently with morphological changes in the proximal airways. Despite this evidence, the geometrical study of the airway tree from computed tomography (CT) lung images remains underexplored due to poor representations and limited tools to characterize the airway structure.Methods: We perform a comprehensive morphometric study of the proximal airways based on geometrical measures associated with the different airway generations. To this end, we leverage the geometric flexibility of the Snakes IsoGeometric Analysis method to accurately represent and characterize the airway luminal surface and volume informed by CT images of the respiratory tree. Based on this framework, we study the airway geometry of smoking pre-COPD and mild COPD individuals.Results: Our results show a significant difference between groups in airway volume, length, luminal eccentricity, minimum radius, and surface-area-to-volume ratio in the most distal airways.Discussion: Our findings suggest a higher degree of airway narrowing and collapse in COPD patients when compared to pre-COPD patients. We envision that our work has the potential to deliver a comprehensive tool for assessing morphological changes in airway geometry that take place in the early stages of COPD

PRUEBA DE CAMINATA DE SEIS MINUTOS ¿ES POSIBLE PREDECIR EL CONSUMO DE OXÍGENO EN PERSONAS CON PATOLOGÍAS? UNA REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA

La prueba de caminata de seis minutos (PC6M) consiste en recorrer la mayor distancia posible y se caracteriza por ser una prueba de fácil realización. El objetivo de esta revisión fue examinar la relación entre las variables de distancia recorrida, patologías cardíacas, pulmonares y el consumo de oxígeno de una prueba de criterio en cinta rodante y cicloergómetro, y las ecuaciones de predicción del VO2 en la PC6M de Maldonado e Ingle (2006), Vanhelst (2013) y Costa (2017) para personas con patologías. El manuscrito es una revisión bibliográfica que utilizó las bases de datos Scopus y WOS, con artículos en inglés, español y portugués entre 2000 y 2017. La distancia es la variable que más se midió y que más se asoció con el VO2, encontrándose correlaciones significativas con valores de 0.01 hasta 0.8, las patologías más relacionadas con el VO2 máx. fueron la hipertensión pulmonar, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva, insuficiencia cardíaca, disfunción sistólica ventricular y accidente cerebro-vascular y el cicloergómetro fue el más utilizado en las pruebas de criterio de VO2 máx. Solo una ecuación fue elaborada para niños que eran obesos la que incluyó distancia e IMC (Vanhelst), otra ecuación fue para adultos con enfermedad cardíaca que además incluía el sexo (Costa), una en pacientes con disfunción sistólica ventricular que aparte incorporó la edad, volumen espiratorio y hemoglobina (Ingle) y otra fórmula fue para adultos con insuficiencia cardíaca que consideró la distancia (Maldonado). Se sugiere utilizar la ecuación más apropiada y elaborar modelos predictivos para personas con diversas características

Antropometría, nivel de actividad física y condición física en estudiantes de educación física tras cuatro años en la universidad

Introducción: los universitarios están sujetos a cambios en estilos de vida a nivel social, psicológico y biológico. Objetivos: determinar diferencias en la antropometría, niveles de actividad física y condición física en estudiantes de educación física de ambos sexos entre el primer y cuarto año de universidad. Métodos: estudio de evolución de grupo donde se midió a 28 estudiantes al primer y cuarto año en antropometría con el protocolo ISAK, niveles de actividad física con el cuestionario IPAQ corto y condición física. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas (p<0,05) con el programa SPSS v24. Resultados: el peso corporal, índice cintura cadera, perímetro de cintura y abdominal aumentaron (p<0,01) y el IMC (p=0,116). La mayoría de los pliegues de miembro superior y tronco disminuyeron, aunque el de la cresta ilíaca (p<0,0001) y abdominal (p=0,031) de forma significativa. El coste energético de la actividad física moderada, caminata y actividad física semanal disminuyeron, pero solo este estadísticamente (p=0,048). Las flexo-extensiones de codo, resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y salto horizontal aumentaron, este último de manera significativa (p=0,004), pero la prueba de abdominales y la flexibilidad disminuyeron. Discusión: disminuyó el peso, perímetro de cintura e IMC en estudiantes de educación física chilenos, en nuestra investigación el índice cintura cadera y el peso aumentaron. El gasto energético disminuyó y concuerda con el de personas con estudios universitarios tras 13 años. En la condición física no es claro, el rendimiento aumenta o disminuye comparado con otros estudiantes de educación física. Conclusiones: la adiposidad corporal aumentó al paso de los años, niveles de actividad física y condición física disminuyeron