42 research outputs found
Contingent Fees in Order Flow Auctions
Many early order flow auction designs handle the payment for orders when they
execute on the chain rather than when they are won in the auction. Payments in
these auctions only take place when the orders are executed, creating a free
option for whoever wins the order. Bids in these auctions set the strike price
of this option rather than the option premium. This paper develops a simple
model of an order flow auction and compares contingent fees with upfront
payments as well as mixtures of the two. Results suggest that auctions with a
greater share of the payment contingent on execution have lower execution
probability, lower revenue, and increased effective spreads in equilibrium. A
Reputation system can act as a negative contingent fee, partially mitigating
the downsides; however, unless the system is calibrated perfectly, some of the
undesirable qualities of the contingent fees remain. Results suggest that
designers of order flow auctions should avoid contingent fees whenever
possible
Structural Advantages for Integrated Builders in MEV-Boost
Currently, over 90% of Ethereum blocks are built using MEV-Boost, an auction
that allows validators to sell their block-building power to builders who
compete in an open English auction in each slot. Shortly after the merge, when
MEV-Boost was in its infancy, most block builders were neutral, meaning they
did not trade themselves but rather aggregated transactions from other traders.
Over time, integrated builders, operated by trading firms, began to overtake
many of the neutral builders. Outside of the integrated builder teams, little
is known about which advantages integration confers beyond latency and how
latency advantages distort on-chain trading.
This paper explores these poorly understood advantages. We make two
contributions. First, we point out that integrated builders are able to bid
truthfully in their own bundle merge and then decide how much profit to take
later in the final stages of the PBS auction when more information is
available, making the auction for them look closer to a second-price auction
while independent searchers are stuck in a first-price auction. Second, we find
that latency disadvantages convey a winner's curse on slow bidders when
underlying values depend on a stochastic price process that change as bids are
submitted
The centralizing effects of private order flow on proposer-builder separation
The current Proposer Builder Separation (PBS) equilibrium has several
builders with different backgrounds winning blocks consistently. This paper
considers how this equilibrium will shift when transactions are sold privately
via order flow auctions (OFAs) rather than forwarded directly to the public
mempool. We discuss a novel model that highlights the augmented value of
private order flow for integrated builder searchers. We show that private order
flow is complementary to top-of-block opportunities, and therefore integrated
builder-searchers are more likely to participate in OFAs and outbid non
integrated builders. They will then parlay access to these private transactions
into an advantage in the PBS auction, winning blocks more often and extracting
higher profits than non-integrated builders. To validate our main assumptions,
we construct a novel dataset pairing post-merge PBS outcomes with realized
12-second volatility on a leading CEX (Binance). Our results show that
integrated builder-searchers are more likely to win in the PBS auction when
realized volatility is high, suggesting that indeed such builders have an
advantage in extracting top-of-block opportunities. Our findings suggest that
modifying PBS to disentangle the intertwined dynamics between top-of-block
extraction and private order flow would pave the way for a fairer and more
decentralized Ethereum
An investigation of aerodynamic effects of body morphing for passenger cars in close-proximity
The potential energy-saving benefit for vehicles when travelling in a ‘platoon’ formation results from the reduction in total aerodynamic drag which may result from the interaction of bluff bodies in close-proximity. Early investigations of platooning, prompted by problems of congestion, had shown the potential for drag reduction but was not pursued. More recently, technologies developed for connected-autonomous vehicle control have provided a renewed interest in platooning particularly within the commercial vehicle industry. To date, most aerodynamics-based considerations of platooning have been conducted to assess the sensitivity of drag-saving to vehicle spacing and were based on formations of identically shaped constituents. In this study, the interest was the sensitivity of drag-saving to the shape of the individual platoon constituents. A new reference car, the Resnick model, was specially designed to include front and rear-end add-on sections to make distinct changes in profile form and simulate large-scale body morphing. The results of wind tunnel tests on small-scale models suggested that current trends in low-drag styling may not provide the ideal shape for platoon constituent members and that optimised forms are likely to be dependent upon position in the platoon
Evaluating Depressive Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Psychometric Comparison of the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
Background: The aim of this study was to compare two measures of depression in patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorder, including patients with delusional and schizoaffective disorder, to conclude implications for their application. Sampling and Methods: A total of 278 patients were assessed using the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was also applied. At admission and discharge, a principal component analysis was performed with each depression scale. The two depression rating scales were furthermore compared using correlation and regression analyses. Results: Three factors were revealed for the CDSS and HAMD-17 factor component analysis. A very similar item loading was found for the CDSS at admission and discharge, whereas results of the loadings of the HAMD-17 items were less stable. The first two factors of the CDSS revealed correlations with positive, negative and general psychopathology. In contrast, multiple significant correlations were found for the HAMD-17 factors and the PANSS sub-scores. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the HAMD-17 accounted more for the positive and negative symptom domains than the CDSS. Conclusions:The present results suggest that compared to the HAMD-17, the CDSS is a more specific instrument to measure depressive symptoms in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorder, especially in acutely ill patients. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Base
Skp2B Overexpression Alters a Prohibitin-p53 Axis and the Transcription of PAPP-A, the Protease of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4
We previously reported that the degradation of prohibitin by the SCF(Skp2B) ubiquitin ligase results in a defect in the activity of p53. We also reported that MMTV-Skp2B transgenic mice develop mammary gland tumors that are characterized by an increased proteolytic cleavage of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4), an inhibitor of IGF signaling. However, whether a link exists between a defect in p53 activity and proteolysis of IGFBP-4 was not established.We analyzed the levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), the protease of IGFBP-4, in MMTV-Skp2B transgenic mice and found that PAPP-A levels are elevated. Further, we found a p53 binding site in intron 1 of the PAPP-A gene and that both wild type and mutant p53 bind to this site. However, binding of wild type p53 results in the transcriptional repression of PAPP-A, while binding of mutant p53 results in the transcriptional activation of PAPP-A. Since MMTV-Skp2B mice express wild type p53 and yet show elevated levels of PAPP-A, at first, these observations appeared contradictory. However, further analysis revealed that the defect in p53 activity in Skp2B overexpressing cells does not only abolish the activity of wild type of p53 but actually mimics that of mutant p53. Our results suggest that in absence of prohibitin, the half-life of p53 is increased and like mutant p53, the conformation of p53 is denatured.These observations revealed a novel function of prohibitin as a chaperone of p53. Further, they suggest that binding of denatured p53 in intron 1 causes an enhancer effect and increases the transcription of PAPP-A. Therefore, these findings indicate that the defect in p53 function and the increased proteolysis of IGFBP-4, we had observed, represent two components of the same pathway, which contributes to the oncogenic function of Skp2B
Bacterial Degradation of Aromatic Compounds
Aromatic compounds are among the most prevalent and persistent pollutants in the environment. Petroleum-contaminated soil and sediment commonly contain a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatics. Aromatics derived from industrial activities often have functional groups such as alkyls, halogens and nitro groups. Biodegradation is a major mechanism of removal of organic pollutants from a contaminated site. This review focuses on bacterial degradation pathways of selected aromatic compounds. Catabolic pathways of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene are described in detail. Bacterial catabolism of the heterocycles dibenzofuran, carbazole, dibenzothiophene, and dibenzodioxin is discussed. Bacterial catabolism of alkylated PAHs is summarized, followed by a brief discussion of proteomics and metabolomics as powerful tools for elucidation of biodegradation mechanisms