Elements of the European Union, The OECD and UNESCO: Analysis supranational

The changes which have occurred due to the interconnections produced by globalization, the rise of the international organizations and its effect on education have had an impact on the redefinition of the aims of education and its sense in the current context. This paper focuses on the analysis of international educational policies and their impact on national education policies. Thus, within a comparative methodology, a reflection on the elements of the educational policies of the EU, OECD and UNESCO is performed. To achieve this goal we will use an adaptation of a model of comparative education in which the following components are specified: the historical context; the principles, values, goal, purpose; the member states, its financing, method of work, internal organization, strategies, tools and educational paradigm based on the data collected and processed information arising from official documents of each institution's general conclusions. These three items, the components, the data collected and the information will allow us to define each agency and its particular conception of educationLa interconexión de las sociedades actuales a raíz de la globalización, la proliferación de los organismos internacionales y su implicación en acciones educativas, suponen una serie de cambios como la redefinición de los fines de la educación y su sentido en el contexto actual. El presente artículo se enmarca dentro del campo de estudio de la Educación Supranacional, la cual se centra en el análisis de las políticas educativas internacionales y su impacto en las políticas educativas nacionales. Así, empleando la metodología comparada, se realiza una reflexión sobre los elementos que componen las políticas educativas de la UE, la OCDE y la UNESCO. Para ello, se emplea una adaptación del modelo empleado por Valle (2006), en el cual se especifican los siguientes componentes: contexto histórico, principios, valores, meta, finalidad, países miembros, financiación, método de trabajo, organización interna, estrategias, instrumentos y paradigma educativo. Se destaca que los datos recabados y la información tratada surgen de la documentación oficial de cada institución. A partir de ésta, se establecen las conclusiones generales que definen cada organismo y su particular concepción de la educació

Validación de varias estrategias para mejorar la detección precoz de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica

La EPOC es una enfermedad muy prevalente, que afecta aproximadamente al 10% de la población mayor de 40 años, con elevada morbilidad y mortalidad, y causa de importante gasto sanitario. Sin embargo el grado de infradiagnóstico supera el 70%. Es por ello que se recomienda hacer una búsqueda activa de estos casos, para intentar diagnosticarlos en estadios iniciales. En este tesis doctoral se evalúan varias estrategias para mejorar la detección precoz de la EPOC, como son la efectividad de un programa formativo tutelado para la realización de espirometrías de calidad en Atención Primaria, la validación del COPD-6 como dispositivo para cribado de EPOC y su fiabilidad al utilizarlo en ámbitos sanitarios no especializados

Perceived image of Lisbon by foreign tourists

Mestrado em MarketingTourism destination image is one of the most approached concepts in tourism scientific literature. It has become a subject of great matter in the tourism management field once it is considered one of the most determinant factors in tourist‘s choosing process. Lisbon is currently the most important tourism destination in Portugal and one of the top visited places in Europe. According to recent data from Turismo de Portugal, in 2012 Lisbon was the first tourism destination in Portugal with the largest number of visitors, suggesting an increasing interest for the city as a tourism destination. Therefore, this work aims to contribute for a better understanding of which are the most important components of the image of Lisbon as a tourism destination for foreign tourists. After a brief literature review, we decided that this research should be based on the tri-dimensional model, developed by Echtner & Ritchie (1993), since it involves not only a tangible and functional perspective, but also a psychological and holistic one, allowing a complete representation of the perceived tourism destination image of Lisbon. The results obtained confirm a strongly positive appreciation by the international community when it comes to evaluate Lisbon’s tourism destination image, including a good evaluation of its attributes, as well as the recognition of important unique holistic elements

The impact of climate change on marine spatial planning and the blue economy: vulnerability assessment and implications for a sustainable use of the ocean services

Tese de mestrado em Ecologia Marinha, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2020O ordenamento do espaço marítimo (OEM) surgiu com o objetivo de promover uma melhor gestão e governança do oceano, procurando gerir espacialmente e temporalmente os usos do oceano, reduzindo conflitos e promovendo compatibilidades entre os diversos usos. Nos últimos 30 anos, muitos decisores políticos começaram a concentrar atenção neste tema, e os planos de ordenamento do espaço marítimo, tornaram-se um importante instrumento político, estando atualmente em desenvolvimento em 70 países, representando 45 % de todos os estados costeiros. Com o aumento dos fenómenos provocados pelas alterações climáticas, novas ameaças ao ambiente marinho e costeiro irão surgir, como também aos bens e serviços de que a população humana depende. Isto, trará inúmeros problemas no que respeita aos usos e atividades económicas correspondentes que dependem destes ecossistemas, sendo necessário medidas de adaptação efetivas. Estas adaptações, poderão provocar novos conflitos, problemas legais e novos impactos ambientais, afetando o crescimento da economia azul. Assim, reconhecer o desafio que as alterações climáticas irão trazer para o OEM e para a economia azul é fundamental para assegurar uma visão a longo prazo de um uso sustentável do oceano. Atualmente, são poucos os estudos que aplicaram uma abordagem holística para estimar e discutir os efeitos das alterações climáticas nos planos de ordenamento e na economia azul, bem como integrá-los nos processos. Por esta razão, este trabalho consiste na revisão da literatura existente sobre estudos de avaliação de vulnerabilidade no ambiente marinho, e no desenvolvimento de um índice de vulnerabilidade do OEM e economia azul dos Estados-Membros costeiros da União Europeia (UE), face às alterações climáticas. Os resultados obtidos e as implicações que poderão ter no OEM e na economia azul, são discutidos no âmbito desta tese. O presente estudo de avaliação de vulnerabilidade pode servir como suporte às políticas dos Estados-Membros costeiros da União Europeia, informando quais os usos do oceano mais relevantes em termos socioeconómicos e, simultaneamente, mais vulneráveis, como também, quais os planos de ordenamento e economias azuis mais vulneráveis às alterações climáticas. Servindo, assim, como reconhecimento da importância da integração das alterações climáticas nos futuros planos de gestão e ordenamento do oceano.Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) arose with the aim of promoting a better management and governance of the ocean, seeking to plan temporal and spatially the ocean uses, trying to reduce conflicts and arranging compatibility between uses. In the past 30 years, policy-makers have dedicated increasing attention to this issue, and MSP has become an important instrument, being currently under development in 70 countries, representing 45% of all coastal states. With the intensification of climate change, new threats are emerging for the marine and coastal environment, but also for the goods and services on which so many human populations depend. This poses numerous problems for the uses and activities that rely on these ecosystems, requiring effective adaptation. This adaptation could bring new conflicts, legal problems and new impacts on the environment, therefore affecting the Blue Economy (BE). Thus, recognizing the challenge that climate change will bring to MSP and to the BE is part of the solution to ensure a long-term vision of a sustainable ocean use. So far, few studies have applied a comprehensive approach to estimate and discuss the effects of climate change on marine spatial plans and on BE as well as integrating them within the process. For this reason, a review of the existing literature on Vulnerability Assessments was conducted to support the development of an MSP and BE vulnerability index for the European Union (EU) coastal Member States, as regards climate change. The obtained results and the implications they may have for the MSP and the BE, are discussed in this thesis. Our comprehensive Vulnerability Assessment can inform policy-making in coastal Member States, by identifying the ocean uses more vulnerable to climate change, considering social, economic and productivity factors. Moreover, the assessment also allows us to identify the marine spatial plans and BEs most vulnerable to climate change, emphasizing the importance of integrating climate change in future ocean management plans

Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Validity and Reliability of a Portable Device in Non-Specialized Healthcare Settings.

The underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could be improved through screening using portable devices simpler than conventional spirometers in specific healthcare settings to reach a higher percentage of the at-risk population. This study was designed to assess the validity and reliability of the COPD-6 portable device to screen for COPD in non-specialized healthcare settings. Prospective cohort study to validate a diagnostic test. Three cohorts were recruited: primary care (PC), emergency services (ES) and community pharmacies (CPh). individuals with risk factors for COPD (>40 years, smoking >10 pack-years, with respiratory symptoms). The values measured using the COPD-6 were FEV1, FEV6 and the FEV1/FEV6 ratio. Subsequently, participants underwent conventional spirometry at hospital, using a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC value <0.7 as the gold standard criterion for the COPD diagnosis. 437 participants were included, 362 were valid for the analysis. COPD was diagnosed in 114 patients (31.5%). The area under the ROC curve for the COPD-6 for COPD screening was 0.8.The best cut-off point for the FEV1/FEV6 ratio was 0.8 (sensitivity, 92.1%) using spirometry with the bronchodilator test as the gold standard. There were practically no differences in the COPD-6 performance in the different settings and also regarding age, gender and smoking status. The COPD-6 device is a valid tool for COPD screening in non-specialized healthcare settings. In this context, the best cut-off point for the FEV1/FEV6 ratio is 0.8.Fundación de la Sociedad Gallega de Patología Respiratoria (SOGAPAR)European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/REGPOT-2012-2013.1] under grant agreement n° 316265, BIOCAP

Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Validity and Reliability of a Portable Device in Non-Specialized Healthcare Settings

Introduction and Objectives The underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could be improved through screening using portable devices simpler than conventional spirometers in specific healthcare settings to reach a higher percentage of the at-risk population. This study was designed to assess the validity and reliability of the COPD-6 portable device to screen for COPD in non-specialized healthcare settings. Methods Prospective cohort study to validate a diagnostic test. Three cohorts were recruited: primary care (PC), emergency services (ES) and community pharmacies (CPh). Study population: individuals with risk factors for COPD (>40 years, smoking >10 pack-years, with respiratory symptoms). The values measured using the COPD-6 were FEV1, FEV6 and the FEV1/FEV6 ratio. Subsequently, participants underwent conventional spirometry at hospital, using a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC value <0.7 as the gold standard criterion for the COPD diagnosis. Results 437 participants were included, 362 were valid for the analysis. COPD was diagnosed in 114 patients (31.5%). The area under the ROC curve for the COPD-6 for COPD screening was 0.8.The best cut-off point for the FEV1/FEV6 ratio was 0.8 (sensitivity, 92.1%) using spirometry with the bronchodilator test as the gold standard. There were practically no differences in the COPD-6 performancein the different settings and also regarding age, gender and smoking status. Conclusions The COPD-6 device is a valid tool for COPD screening in non-specialized healthcare settings. In this context, the best cut-off point for the FEV1/FEV6 ratio is 0.8This research was partially supported by Fundación de la Sociedad Gallega de Patología Respiratoria (SOGAPAR), and funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/REGPOT-2012-2013.1] under grant agreement n° 316265, BIOCAPSS