Monks and Knights in Medieval Galicia. The Example of the Benedictines of Toxos Outos in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between the Benedictine monks of San Justo and Pastor de Toxos Outos and the local military aristocracy of the archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela between the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries. By a comparative study with other monastic realities in Galicia, this work will show the existence of a strong competition between monastic Orders in Galicia and how the Benedictines monks of Toxos Outos were able to cope with the loss of royal and high aristocratic support by shifting their attention to the knightly class. The study of these aspects will also illustrate how monastic sources may be used to study the lower aristocratic groups, their composition, ambitions and development in the north western Iberian Peninsula in the high Middle Ages

Imperator Burdinum Hispanum Romanae sedi violenter imposuit. A Research Proposal on the Archbishop of Braga and Antipope Gregory VIII, Maurice ‘Bourdin’

The aim of this paper is to investigate the image of Archbishop of Braga and Antipope Gregory VIII (1118-1121), Maurice “Bourdin”. Often modern historiography has considered Maurice as only a minor figure of the Church History of the beginning of the 12th century, but a reading of the 12th and 13th century literary sources offers a very different image of him. The use of these kinds of sources and the adoption of a strong international perspective would show how it is possible to rethink Maurice “Bourdin”’s life and career and to revise many features of the Roman Church History and its relations with Hispania in the central centuries of the Middle Ages

Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in Food by Biomolecular Techniques

In Europe yersiniosis related to Yersinia enterocolitica is the third most numerously reported zoonoses. In Italy, notification of yersiniosis is not compulsory; thus, no true incidence rates are available from this country. Yersinia species are ubiquitous and they are also isolated from a wide variety of foods.\ud The objectives of this work were to study a multiplex PCR that could be applicable for a screening of food samples for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica, to characterize strains isolated from human patients, swine carcasses, meat, vegetables, burrata cheese and wild boars collected in Umbria and Marche Regions during 2004-2011, to investigate the detection of genotypic virulence markers ail,\ud ystA, ystB, myfA and hreP and to characterize the recovered isolates by PFGE and MLVA.\ud Among 120 swine carcasses investigated Y. enterocolitica were isolated from 25,8% of the samples and 2 of them were identified as Y. enterocolitica biotype 4 showing all the virulence factors tested and identical PFGE and MLVA profiles. Ten pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains, recovered from stools of patients, exhibited the genotype ystA+ yadA+ myfA+ hreP+, 6 showed the genotype ystA+ yadA- myfA+ hreP+ and 2 were biotype 1A ystB+. Most of the colonies isolated from the other sources was nonpathogenic and harboured the ystB gene.\ud The multiplex PCR method was effective, fast and simple, capable of detecting pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in 48-72 hours. It offers significant advantages over the microbiological methods of isolation, allowing shorter response times and early detection of strains carrying the pathogenicity factor

A “Territorialização” do poder episcopal no Portugal Medieval. Um estudo das bullae dos Papas Pascoal II e Calisto II e os conflitos entre as dioceses de Porto, Braga e Coimbra (século XII)

The first decades of the 12 th century are a turning point in the History of Portugal . The successful military campaigns against the Muslims allowed the reorganization of the northern dioceses . This episcopal restoration policy led to a clash between Oporto, Braga and Coimbra for the diocesan frontiers . During the pontificate of Hugh of Oporto (1112-1136), the Popes directly intervened to solve this territorial conflict . The aim of this paper is to study the papal bullae granted by Paschalis II and Calixtus II in 1115 and in 1120 to Hugh Bishop of Oporto. Our goal is to demonstrate how this type of document is not a reliable representation of the territory . The value of these papal bullae , in fact, is not factual , but political and it is very important to introduce the study of both the territorialization of episcopal power in Medieval Portugal and the tight relation between local bishops and Roman Pontiff.As primeiras décadas do século XII são um ponto crucial na história de Portugal. O sucesso das campanhas militares contra os muçulmanos permitiu a reorganização das dioceses do Norte. Esta política de restauração episcopal teve como consequência um conflito entre Porto, Braga e Coimbra e durante o pontificado do bispo do Porto, Hugo (1112-1136), os papas em muitas ocasiões intervieram para resolver esta disputa territorial. O objetivo de este artigo é o estudo das bullae papais de Pascoal II e Calixto II de 1115 e 1120 em favor de Hugo do Porto. O escopo é demonstrar como este tipo de documento não é uma representação fiável do território. O valor destas bullae, efetivamente, não é factual, mas político e é muito importante para introduzir o estudo sobre a territorialização do poder episcopal no Portugal medieval e a relação muito próxima entre os bispos locais e os pontífices romanos

La mobilit? autonoma dei bambini e delle bambine di Malnate

The report analyzes the results obtained in the Municipality of Malnate (VA) after the experimentation of We go to school alone, showing a significant increase in autonomy for the children participating in the experiment.Il Report analizza i risultati ottenuti nel Comune di Malnate (VA) in seguito alla sperimentazione di A scuola ci andiamo da soli, mostrando un significativo incremento di autonomia per i bambini che hanno partecipato all\u27esperienza

Bambini in ospedale. Una ricerca

The objective of this research was to understand the desires and fears of the child hospitalized

effect of the regenerator efficiency on the performance of a micro gas turbine fed with alternative fuels

Abstract In this paper a validated in-house MATLAB© model was used to assess the behaviour of the Turbec T100 MGT when operated with alternative low lower heating value (LHV) fuels; moreover, the effect of the cycle humidification is assessed. In both the aforementioned cases, the flow rates through the turbomachines, their operating points, and the effectiveness of the recuperator might change and determine performance losses. In particular, the recuperator in a MGT is a crucial component that allows to achieve good thermodynamic performance, also in presence of low compression ratios, and its performance can strongly influence the final output of the machine. Therefore, the aim of the work is to evaluate the effect of the variation of the operating conditions on the performance of the recuperator and, therefore, of the whole MGT. The use of alternative fuels with low LHV and of steam injection shifts the operative points of the turbomachines without strongly affecting their isentropic efficiency; in general, compression ratio is reduced and the flow rate of the compressor is reduced. Therefore, attention must be paid for the compressor stall limit. The recuperator shows a slight variation of the temperature of the fluids, but a higher efficiency is recorded as the flow rate are typically reduced and a better heat recovery performance can be obtained

Miro, King of the Suevi (d. 583), and ecclesiastical identities in northwestern Hispania (eleventh-twelfth centuries)

This paper seeks to reveal aspects of the process of the writing of history and the reinvention of the religious past which became crucial strategic elements in the legitimisation of some of the most important ecclesiastical institutions of medieval Iberia. Focusing on two texts, the Historia Compostellana and the Chronicon Iriense, both produced in the diocese of Santiago de Compostela, and each fundamental in defending the rights and authority of this powerful Galician see, we analyse their portrayal of Miro, king of the Suevi (r. 570-583), to whom is attributed the ecclesiastical organisation of northwestern Hispania. Both texts present this king as a central figure of Galician political and religious identity. The rewriting in medieval Compostela of Miro's history is shown to be a key element in the disputes between that diocese and other Iberian episcopates, namely Braga, Toledo, Mondoñedo and Lugo

A medieval "enigma": About the ecclesiastical trajectory of the Archbishop of Braga and "Antipope" Gregory VIII, Maurice "Bourdin" (11th-12th centuries)

Longo e diversificado foi o percurso eclesiástico e político do arcebispo bracarense e "antipapa" Maurício "Burdino". Dentro do complexo contexto da afirmação da Igreja romana face aos poderes da Europa Medieval, bem como da reorganização da Igreja hispânica, a experiência de Maurício representa tum caso paradigmático. O estudo da sua ação permite-nos refletir acerca dos principais problemas da instituição eclesiástica e sobre as transformações da sociedade europeia, entre finais do século XI e as primeiras décadas do século XII. Neste artigo analisaremos dois aspetos específicos: primeiramente, a trajetória de Maurício à frente da arquidiocese de Braga, a partir de 1109 - privilegiando o seu relacionamento com os demais poderes eclesiásticos peninsulares e com a cúria pontifícia -, e, num segundo momento, as causas da sua "inesperada" eleição como "antipapa" Gregório VIII, pelo imperador Henrique V, em 1118, em oposição aos pontífices romanos Gelásio II e Calisto II.The ecclesiastical and political trajectory of the archbishop of Braga and "antipope" Maurice "Bourdin" had been long and diversified. In the complex context of both the Roman Church's affirmation among the powers of Medieval Europe and the reorganization of the Hispanic Church, Maurice's experience represents a paradigmatic case. The study of his career allows us to reflect on the main problems related to the ecclesiastical institutions and the transformations of European society between the end of the 11th century and the first decades of the 12th century. In this article, we will analyse two specific aspects. First, we will study Maurice's trajectory as bishop of Coimbra and archbishop of Braga from 1099 onwards and his relations with the Iberian ecclesiastical powers and the Roman Curia. Second, we will analyse the causes of his "unexpected" 1118-election as "antipope" Gregory VIII, supported by Emperor Henry V, in opposition to the Roman pontiffs Gelasius II and Calixtus II