The methodology of Sociological Discourse Analysis in Touristic Studies: the process of transformation of the tourism image and its relationship with loyalty

Até o momento, a Metodologia da Análise Sociológica do Discurso (ASD) – vinculada à Tradição Espanhola de Pesquisa Social Qualitativa – não havia sido utilizada na compreensão de fenômenos turísticos. Este artigo metodológico, acompanhado de caso exemplificador, tem como objetivo apresentar, de forma sistemática, uma aplicação da ASD em um estudo no campo do turismo. Consiste nas seguintes etapas: a) inicialmente, fundamenta‑se e discute‑se, a base teórico‑metodológica e procedimental da ASD; b) em seguida, explicita‑se o desenho metodológico e a narrativa dos resultados do estudo de caso exemplificador. Especificamente, o estudo apresentado tem como tema‑problema o processo de transformação da imagem turística e sua relação com a lealdade do turista. Trabalhou‑se com entrevistas em profundidade a fim de compreender a experiência vivida por turistas acadêmicos brasileiros em Galícia. Os procedimentos iniciais da ASD, bem como os procedimentos interpretativos e analíticos e complementares – acompanhados de representações gráficas – revelaram os seguintes resultados principais: a duração da estadia e os aspectos ligados às relações interpessoais vivenciadas vinculam‑se à satisfação do turista com a experiência; por sua vez, a satisfação do turista com a experiência vivida é traspassada pela imagem construída capaz de gerar a lealdade a um destino.The Sociological Discourse Analysis (SDA) method ‑ linked to Spanish tRadition in Social Qualitative Research – until now had not been used in the understanding of tourist phenomena. This is a methodological article which aims to present systematically an example of ASD application in the field of tourism study. It includes the following steps: a) firstly, It presents and discusses the theoretical‑methodological basis of the ASD procedure; b) then it explains in detail the methodology design and the narrative of the results of case study used as example. Specifically, this study is focused on understanding the process of tourism image transformation and its relationship with the tourist loyalty. It have been considered in‑depth interviews in order to understand the experience of Brazilian scholars tourists in Galicia. The initial procedures of SDA, as well as the interpretative, analytical and supplementary procedures – with graphical representations – highlighted the following results: the duration of the stay and aspects as experienced interpersonal relations are linked to the tourist experience satisfaction; as well as, the tourist satisfaction with the lived experience affects the constructed image, that is able to generate tourist loyalty to a destination

Vorsorge gegen den Maiszünsler im pfluglosen Anbau

Die Broschüre fasst die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung zur wirksamen Bekämpfung von Maiszünslerlarven auf dauerhaft konservierend bestellten Ackerflächen zusammen. Der alleinige Einsatz von Pflug und Grubber zeigte keine ausreichende Wirkung, weil der Anteil intakter und für die Überwinterung der Larven geeigneter Maisstoppeln zu groß ist. Der Einsatz des Pfluges erhöhte die Erosionsgefährdung des Bodens. Lediglich die Scheibenegge zeigte als Sologerät eine hinreichende Zerkleinerungswirkung bei der flachen Einarbeitung der Erntereste. In Kombination mit dem Mulcher werden bei allen untersuchten Bodenbearbeitungsvarianten ausreichend Maisstoppeln beschädigt. Es kann empfohlen werden, Maisstoppeln mit einer Kombination aus Mulcher und Scheibenegge bzw. Grubber zu bearbeiten. So kann bei hinreichendem Erosionsschutz der Maiszünslervermehrung vorgebeugt werden. Gleichzeitig wird damit die Gefahr einer Fusarieninfektion im nachgebauten Getreide reduziert

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Relationship of immunosuppression to Epstein-Barr viral load in pediatric heart transplant patients

1\. Einleitung 6 1.1. Entwicklung der Transplantation 6 1.2. Überleben nach Transplantation 6 1.3. Posttransplant-Lymphoproliferative-Disease (PTLD) 8 1.3.1. Histologische Klassifikation der PTLD 9 1.3.2. Zeitpunkt der Entstehung und Lokalisation der PTLD 9 1.3.3. PTLD-EBV assoziiert 10 1.3.4. PTLD-Nicht EBV assoziiert 12 1.4. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) 13 1.4.1. Entdeckung und Erstbeschreibung des Epstein-Barr Virus 13 1.4.2. Epidemiologie des Epstein- Barr Virus 13 1.4.3. Klinische Präsentation einer Epstein-Barr Virusinfektion 14 1.4.4. Immunantwort in Immunkompetenten 14 1.4.4.1. Latenz 15 1.4.4.2. Übergang von der Latenten in die Lytische Phase 17 1.4.4.3. EBV Infektionen in immunsupprimierten Patienten 17 1.5. Aufgabenstellung 19 2\. Methoden und Materialien 20 2.1. Studienpopulation 20 2.2. Medikamentöse Therapie nach Herztransplantation 20 2.3. Mindestdauer der Verabreichung der Immunsuppressiva 21 2.4. DNA Isolierung aus Vollblut für die quantitative PCR 21 2.5. Real-Time PCR Messung der EBV Last aus dem Vollblut 22 2.6. Datenmanagement und Statistik 22 3\. Ergebnisse 24 3.1. Umschreibung der Population 24 3.2. Indikationen für die Herztransplantation 24 3.3. EBV Status vor der Transplantation 24 3.4. CMV Status vor und nach Transplantation 25 3.5. Induktion 25 3.6. Einstiegsimmunsuppression 25 3.7. EBV Infektion 26 3.8. Faktoren welche die EBV Last beeinflussen 26 3.8.1. Einfluss des Alters der Patienten auf die EBV Last 27 3.8.2. Einfluss der Polyklonalen Antithymozyten Antikörper (ATG) und Interleukin (IL)-2-Rezeptor-Antikörper 27 3.8.3. Einfluss des Calcineurininhibitors auf die EBV Last (Cyclosporin A vs. Tacrolimus) 28 3.8.4. Einfluss der Caclineurininhibitorspiegel auf die EBV Last 29 3.8.5. Einfluss der immunsuppressiven Kombinationen 32 3.8.5.1. Cyclosporin A (Sandimmun®) & Azathioprin (Imurek®) 34 3.8.5.2. Cyclosporin A (Sandimmun®) & Mycophenolat Mofetil (Cell Cept®) 35 3.8.5.3. Cyclosporin A (Sandimmun®) & Everolimus (Certican®) 36 3.8.6. Direkter Vergleich der immunsuppressiven Kombinationen 37 3.8.7. Einfluss der Virustatika auf die EBV Last 38 3.8.8. Inzidenz von Abstoßungen 39 3.8.8.1. Abstoßungen im ersten Jahr nach Herztransplantation 39 3.8.8.2. Abstoßungen nach einem Jahr nach Transplantation 39 3.8.8.3. Einfluss von Abstoßungen auf die EBV Last 40 3.9. Multivariatanalyse der Einflussfaktoren auf die EBV Last 41 3.10. Posttransplant-Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD) 42 3.11. Evaluierung des Tests der EBV Last Bestimmung bezüglich der PTLD 44 3.12. Einfluss medikamentöser Interventionen auf die EBV Last 44 4\. Diskussion 48 4.1. Wertigkeit der EBV Last Bestimmung nach Herztransplantation 48 4.2. Methodik und Materialien zur Bestimmung der Epstein-Barr Viruslast 49 4.3. Evaluation verschiedener Grenzwerte der Epstein-Barr Viruslasten 49 4.4. PTLD 50 4.5. Faktoren die zu einer erhöhten EBV Last führen 51 4.5.1. Alter , EBV Status bei Transplantation und EBV Missmatch 51 4.5.2. Polyklonale Antithymozyten Antikörper 51 4.5.3. Calcineurininhibitoren im Vergleich 52 4.5.4. Ergänzende Immunsuppressiva 53 4.5.5. Cytomegalie Virus Missmatch und Infektion 55 4.5.6. Abstoßungen und deren Behandlung 55 4.6. Limitationen 56 4.7. Schlussfolgerung 57 4.8. Ausblick 58 5\. Zusammenfassung 59 6\. Abstract 61 7\. Tabellenverzeichnis 62 8\. Abbildungsverzeichnis 63 9\. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 64 10\. Literaturverzeichnis 65 Lebenslauf 74 Publikationsliste 76 Danksagung 77 Erklärung 78Hintergrund: Die Herztransplantation ist eine etablierte Therapie zur Behandlung der terminalen Herzinsuffizienz im Kindesalter. Im Langzeitverlauf nach Transplantation spielen die akute und chronische Abstoßung, das chronische Graftversagen und Tumorerkrankungen eine wesentliche Rolle und bestimmen die Morbidität und Mortalität. Virale Infektionen und Reaktivierungen spielen vor allem im Kindes- und Jugendalter eine entscheidende Rolle und sind durch eine inadäquate immunologische Antwort aufgrund der bestehenden Immunsuppression erklärbar. Durch Infektion oder Reaktivierung des Epstein-Barr Virus, unter T-Zell Depletion im Rahmen der Immunsuppression, existiert ein erhöhtes Risiko für die Entwicklung einer Posttransplant-lymphoproliferativen Erkrankung (PTLD). Methode: In 75 von über 150 herztransplantierten Kindern am DHZB wurden von 01/2003 bis 5/2007 die Epstein-Barr Viruslast und die aktuelle Immunsuppression bestimmt. Die EBV Last Bestimmung erfolgte mittels real-time PCR im Vollblut. Ergebnisse: Es konnten neue Risikofaktoren für eine erhöhte EBV Last und somit für die Entwicklung einer PTLD aufgezeigt werden. Patienten mit einer EBV-Last von über 2000 Kopien/µg DNA zeigten ein erhöhtes Risiko für die Entwicklung einer PTLD (Sensitivität 100%, Spezifität 81%, p=0,001). Ein geringes Alter und ein negativer EBV-Serostatus bei Transplantation stellen zwei Hauptrisikofakten für eine PTLD dar. Kinder unter 10 Jahren hatten ein signifikant erhöhtes Risiko hohe Epstein-Barr Viruslasten nach Transplantation zu entwickeln. Einen signifikanten Unterschied bezüglich der EBV-Replikation ergab sich auch durch den Antimetaboliten: Patienten mit CyA-MMF hatten signifikant niedrigere EBV- Lasten als Patienten mit CyA-Azathioprin, unabhängig vom CyA-Spiegel. Zusätzlich zeigte sich eine Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der Gaben des Antithymozyten Antikörper (ATG): bei mehr als 3 Gaben stieg auch das Risiko für eine erhöhte Epstein-Barr Viruslast, wobei die Anzahl der Abstoßungen per se keinen Einfluss auf die Viruslast hatte. Die Art des Calcineurininhibitors (Cyclosporin A oder Tacrolimus) und der Cyclosporin A Spiegel im Blut hat ebenfalls keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Epstein-Barr Viruslast. Schlussfolgerung: Die Bestimmung der Epstein-Barr Viruslast bei Kindern nach Herztransplantation sollte regelmäßig erfolgen. Eine EBV-Last von über 2000 Kopien/µg DNA stellt ein erhöhtes Risiko für eine PTLD dar. T-Zell depletierenden Medikamente (ATG) sollten vermieden werden, die Immunsuppression sollte optimal an die Risikofaktoren der Kinder angepasst werden. Bei Kindern unter zehn Jahren und Patienten mit einem erhöhten Risiko für eine PTLD sollten Azathioprin und Antithymozyten Antikörpern vermieden und gegebenenfalls MMF und m-TOR-Inhibitoren eingesetzt werden. Möglicherweise stellen m-Tor Inhibitoren in Zukunft eine Therapiealternative bei Patienten mit Risiko für eine PTLD dar.Background: Heart transplantation has been established for the treatment of pediatric patients with terminal heart failure. Acute and chronic rejection, graft failure and malignancy influence morbidity and mortality in the long- term follow-up. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection or persistence in B-cells may result in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), affecting the long-term survival of pediatric heart transplant patients. High grade EBV replication from infection or reactivation may be explained by T-cell depletion under immunosuppression and may lead to EBV related B-cell proliferation and PTLD. Method: We monitored 75 out of 150 pediatric patients who received heart transplantion at the Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin between 01/2003 and 05/2007 in terms of EBV load, immunosuppression and incidence of PTLD. EBV load was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Patients with an EBV load of above 2000 copies/µg DNA were at risk for the development of PTLD (sensitivity 100%, specificity 81%, positive predictive value 31%, AUC 0.91; p=0.001). The main risk factor for high-grade EBV replication and development of PTLD were age and negative EBV status at time of transplantation. Children below ten years of age at time of transplantation had a significantly increased risk for the development of an increased EBV load. Other risk factors for an increased EBV load were more than three doses of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and CsA/azathioprine. Significantly lower or negative EBV loads were measured in patients with CsA/mycophenolate mofetil. CsA blood levels were not predictable for increased EBV load in any group (Aza, Evrolimus or MMF). Conclusions: Frequent EBV load monitoring identifies patients at risk for the development of PTLD. As the main risk factors for an increased EBV load and PTLD are azathioprine and ATG. Patients may benefit from a change in their immunosuppression, whereby MMF and mTOR-inhibitors may be beneficial

Surgical hand preparation in an equine hospital: Comparison of general practice with a standardised protocol and characterisation of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered

Presurgical hand asepsis is part of the daily routine in veterinary medicine. Nevertheless, basic knowledge seems to be low, even among specialised veterinary surgeons. The major objectives of our study were to assess current habits for presurgical hand preparation (phase 1) among personnel in a veterinary hospital and their effectiveness in reducing bacteria from hands in comparison to a standardised protocol (phase 2). Assessment of individual habits focused on time for hand washing and disinfection, the amount of disinfectant used, and the usage of brushes. The standardised protocol defined hand washing for 1 min with liquid neutral soap without brushing and disinfection for 3 min. All participants (2 surgeons, 8 clinic members, 32 students) used Sterillium®. Total bacterial counts were determined before and after hand washing, after disinfection, and after surgery. Hands were immersed in 100 ml sterile sampling fluid for 1 min and samples were inoculated onto Columbia sheep blood agar using the spread-plate method. Bacterial colonies were manually counted. Glove perforation test was carried out at the end of the surgical procedure. Differences in the reduction of relative bacterial numbers between current habits and the standardised protocol were investigated using Mann-Whitney-Test. The relative increase in bacterial numbers as a function of operation time (≤60 min, >60 min) and glove perforation as well as the interaction of both was investigated by using ANOVA. Forty-six and 41 preparations were carried out during phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. Individual habits differed distinctly with regard to time (up to 8 min) and amount of disinfectant (up to 48 ml) used both between participants and between various applications of a respective participant. Comparison of current habits and the standardised protocol revealed that the duration of hand washing had no significant effect on reducing bacteria. Contrary, the reduction in bacterial numbers after disinfection by the standardised protocol was significantly higher (p<0.001) compared to routine every-day practice. With regard to disinfection efficacy, the standardised protocol completely eliminated individual effects. The mean reduction in phase 1 was 90.72% (LR = 3.23; right hand) and 89.97% (LR = 3.28; left hand) compared to 98.85% (LR = 3.29; right hand) and 98.92% (LR = 3.47; left hand) in phase 2. Eight participants (19%) carried MRSA (spa type t011, CC398) which is well established as a nosocomial pathogen in veterinary clinics. The isolates could further be assigned to a subpopulation which is particularly associated with equine clinics (mainly t011, ST398, gentamicin-resistant). Glove perforation occurred in 54% (surgeons) and 17% (assistants) of gloves, respectively, with a higher number in long-term invasive procedures. Overall, bacterial numbers on hands mainly increased over time, especially when glove perforation occurred. This was most distinct for glove perforations on the left hand and with longer operating times. Our results demonstrate that standardised protocols highly improve the efficacy of hand asepsis measures. Hence, guiding standardised protocols should be prerequisite to ensure state-of-the-art techniques which is essential for a successful infection control intervention

Surgical hand preparation in an equine hospital: Comparison of general practice with a standardised protocol and characterisation of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered

Presurgical hand asepsis is part of the daily routine in veterinary medicine. Nevertheless, basic knowledge seems to be low, even among specialised veterinary surgeons. The major objectives of our study were to assess current habits for presurgical hand preparation (phase 1) among personnel in a veterinary hospital and their effectiveness in reducing bacteria from hands in comparison to a standardised protocol (phase 2). Assessment of individual habits focused on time for hand washing and disinfection, the amount of disinfectant used, and the usage of brushes. The standardised protocol defined hand washing for 1 min with liquid neutral soap without brushing and disinfection for 3 min. All participants (2 surgeons, 8 clinic members, 32 students) used Sterillium®. Total bacterial counts were determined before and after hand washing, after disinfection, and after surgery. Hands were immersed in 100 ml sterile sampling fluid for 1 min and samples were inoculated onto Columbia sheep blood agar using the spread-plate method. Bacterial colonies were manually counted. Glove perforation test was carried out at the end of the surgical procedure. Differences in the reduction of relative bacterial numbers between current habits and the standardised protocol were investigated using Mann-Whitney-Test. The relative increase in bacterial numbers as a function of operation time (≤60 min, >60 min) and glove perforation as well as the interaction of both was investigated by using ANOVA. Forty-six and 41 preparations were carried out during phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. Individual habits differed distinctly with regard to time (up to 8 min) and amount of disinfectant (up to 48 ml) used both between participants and between various applications of a respective participant. Comparison of current habits and the standardised protocol revealed that the duration of hand washing had no significant effect on reducing bacteria. Contrary, the reduction in bacterial numbers after disinfection by the standardised protocol was significantly higher (p<0.001) compared to routine every-day practice. With regard to disinfection efficacy, the standardised protocol completely eliminated individual effects. The mean reduction in phase 1 was 90.72% (LR = 3.23; right hand) and 89.97% (LR = 3.28; left hand) compared to 98.85% (LR = 3.29; right hand) and 98.92% (LR = 3.47; left hand) in phase 2. Eight participants (19%) carried MRSA (spa type t011, CC398) which is well established as a nosocomial pathogen in veterinary clinics. The isolates could further be assigned to a subpopulation which is particularly associated with equine clinics (mainly t011, ST398, gentamicin-resistant). Glove perforation occurred in 54% (surgeons) and 17% (assistants) of gloves, respectively, with a higher number in long-term invasive procedures. Overall, bacterial numbers on hands mainly increased over time, especially when glove perforation occurred. This was most distinct for glove perforations on the left hand and with longer operating times. Our results demonstrate that standardised protocols highly improve the efficacy of hand asepsis measures. Hence, guiding standardised protocols should be prerequisite to ensure state-of-the-art techniques which is essential for a successful infection control intervention.Peer Reviewe

Barriers to and facilitators for using nutrition apps : systematic review and conceptual framework

Background:Nutrition apps are a prototypical mobile health (mHealth) technology supporting healthy eating behavior that are seen as promising tools for health promotion by policy makers. Although nutrition apps are increasingly popular, wide-spread adoption is yet to be achieved. Hence, profound knowledge regarding factors motivating and hindering (long-term) nutrition app use is crucial for developing design guidelines aiming at supporting uptake and prolonged use of nutrition apps.Objective:In this scoping review, we synthesized the literature on barriers to and facilitators for nutrition app use across disciplines including empirical qualitative and quantitative studies with current users, ex-users, and/or non-users of nutrition apps.Methods:A systematic literature search including six databases as well as backward and forward citation search was conducted. Search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the planned data extraction process were preregistered. All empirical qualitative and quantitative studies published in German or English were eligible for inclusion if they examined adults or adolescents (aged 13 to 18) who were either current users, ex-users and/ or non-users of nutrition apps. Based on qualitative content analysis, extracted individual barriers and facilitators were grouped into categories.Results:Twenty-eight publications were identified as eligible. A framework with a three-level hierarchy was designed which grouped 326 individual barriers and facilitators into 21 sub-categories, twelve categories, and four clusters that focus on either the individual user (goals, goal attainment, goal abandonment, personal living conditions, lack of knowledge or skill, lack or loss of motivation, habit), different aspects of the app and the smartphone (features, usability of the app or food database, technical issues, data security, accuracy/trustworthiness, costs), positive and negative outcomes of nutrition app use, or interactions between the user and their social environment.Conclusions:The resulting conceptual framework underlines a pronounced diversity of reasons for (not) using nutrition apps indicating that there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach for uptake and prolonged use of nutrition aps. Hence, tailoring nutrition apps to needs of specific user groups seems promising for increasing engagement.publishe

Vorsorge gegen den Maiszünsler im pfluglosen Anbau

Die Broschüre fasst die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung zur wirksamen Bekämpfung von Maiszünslerlarven auf dauerhaft konservierend bestellten Ackerflächen zusammen. Der alleinige Einsatz von Pflug und Grubber zeigte keine ausreichende Wirkung, weil der Anteil intakter und für die Überwinterung der Larven geeigneter Maisstoppeln zu groß ist. Der Einsatz des Pfluges erhöhte die Erosionsgefährdung des Bodens. Lediglich die Scheibenegge zeigte als Sologerät eine hinreichende Zerkleinerungswirkung bei der flachen Einarbeitung der Erntereste. In Kombination mit dem Mulcher werden bei allen untersuchten Bodenbearbeitungsvarianten ausreichend Maisstoppeln beschädigt. Es kann empfohlen werden, Maisstoppeln mit einer Kombination aus Mulcher und Scheibenegge bzw. Grubber zu bearbeiten. So kann bei hinreichendem Erosionsschutz der Maiszünslervermehrung vorgebeugt werden. Gleichzeitig wird damit die Gefahr einer Fusarieninfektion im nachgebauten Getreide reduziert