El cuidado de enfermería: una visión integradora en tiempos de crisis

Nowadays, there exist several organizations of humanitarian movements all over the world which try to fight against the dehumanization expressions; however there still exists the presence of situations which are the reasons of pain in the world. That is why we must construct a better and civilized world in which people worries about the quality of life instead of accumulating statistical numbers .Care is a common feature of all human beings. Therefore, human care is recognized as a universal concept, inherent in humanity. Heidegger, the philosopher for excellence of care, recognizes that this is "an ontological constitution that is always underlying to all what the human beings begin, project and make." Nursing as a profession of social nature tries that its staff , under an humanistic perspective , helps the person interested in care to reinforce his /her abilities and /or to minimize imbalances in her /his state of health .That is why it recognizes the human beings as a complex , mysterious and structured in several dimensions being that range from the organic to the spiritual, from the tangible to the intangible , including the social and historical aspect , which defines it as a being of permanent relationships with himself and the world. Under this point of view, nursing tries to recognize that the cared person is a unique entity which has attributes such as: awareness, intellect, dignity, emotions, feelings and knowledge. Therefore, the nursing care assumes a comprehensive and humanistic dimension of the human being whose subjectivity is structured by his experiences ,meanings , feelings , emotions , intuitions ,and reasoning .Existen diversas organizaciones y movimientos humanitarios a nivel mundial que tratan de luchar contra las expresiones de deshumanización, sin embargo continúa la presencia de situaciones que son causas de dolor en el mundo, por lo que debemos constituir una sociedad para que el mundo sea civilizado, vivir por la calidad de vida y no por acumular cifras estadísticas. El cuidado es una característica común de todos los seres vivos. Por consiguiente, el cuidado humano se  reconoce como un concepto universal, inherente a la humanidad. Heidegger,  el filósofo por excelencia del cuidado, reconoce que éste  es “una constitución ontológica, siempre subyacente a todo lo que el ser humano emprende, proyecta y hace”. Enfermería como profesión de naturaleza social intenta que su personal, bajo una óptica humanista, ayude a la persona solicitante  del cuidado a reforzar  potencialidades y/o minimizar desequilibrios en su estado de salud, por ello reconoce al ser humano como  un ser complejo, misterioso, estructurado por  diversas dimensiones que van de lo orgánico a lo espiritual, de lo tangible  a lo intangible; con inclusión del  aspecto social e histórico, que lo define como un ser de interrelaciones permanentes consigo mismo y el mundo. Bajo esta perspectiva, en enfermería, se procura reconocer que la persona cuidada es una entidad única, poseedora de atributos: conciencia, intelecto, dignidad, emociones, sentimientos y saberes,  por lo tanto, el cuidado en enfermería  asume una dimensión humanista y comprensiva  del ser, cuya subjetividad está estructurada por sus vivencias y significados, sentimientos, emociones, intuiciones, razonamientos.

Litostratigrafia do Jurássico Inferior da região de S. Pedro de Moel (Bacia Lusitânica, Portugal)

O Jurássico da região de S. Pedro de Moel constitui uma importante referência no estudo da Bacia Lusitânica. Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma caracterização litostratigráfica das unidades carbonatadas do Jurássico Inferior aflorantes neste sector da bacia, apoiada num novo esboço cartográfico. Em S. Pedro de Moel definem-se as Formações de Coimbra, Água de Madeiros, Vale das Fontes, Lemede e S. Gião, totalizando o intervalo compreendido entre o Sinemuriano Inferior e o Toarciano Médio. As três primeiras unidades mostram um registo estratigráfico muito completo, enquanto as duas mais recentes afloram de forma limitada, em consequência da intensa fracturação existente na região. [ABSTRACT]: The Jurassic in S. Pedro de Moel area is an important reference for the study of the Lusitanian Basin. In this work a lithostratigraphic characterization of the Lower Jurassic carbonate units that crop out in this sector of the basin is presented. This is supported by a new cartographic framework. In S. Pedro de Moel, the Coimbra, Água de Madeiros, Vale das Fontes, Lemede and S. Gião Formations are defined, comprising the Lower Sinemurian to Middle Toarcian interval. Whereas the first three formations show a very complete stratigraphical record, the latter two units are very poorly exposed, as a consequence of the intense tectonic activity in this area

Sol-gel synthesis and multiferroic properties of pyrochlore-free Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 thin films

Lead iron niobate (PbFe0.5Nb0.5O3 - PFN) thin films were synthesized by a modified sol-gel route, which offers the advantage of a rapid, simple and non-toxic reaction method. Polycrystalline perovskite-structured PFN thin films without pyrochlore phases were obtained on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates after sintering by rapid thermal annealing at 650 {\deg}C. TEM and AFM images confirmed the excellent quality of the sintered film, while EDS spectroscopy revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies near the film/substrate interface. Electric measurements show good dielectric properties and ferroelectric behavior, characterized by typical C-V curves and well-defined P-E ferroelectric loops at 1 kHz, with remanent polarization values of ~12 uC/cm2. The polarization, however, increases with decreasing frequency, indicating the presence of leakage currents. I-V measurements show a significant increase in DC-conduction at relatively low fields (around 100 kV/cm). The films display ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature, with magnetic remanence around 30 emu/cm3 and a coercive field of 1 kOe. These values are significantly higher than those obtained for PFN powders fabricated by the same sol-gel route, as well as the magnetization values reported in the literature for epitaxial films.Comment: 24 pages, 10 figure

Comportamiento de cerdos Duroc y Zungo, en lineas puras y cruces recíprocos, con una ración única a base de harina de arroz y torta de algodón.

En el departamento de Córdoba el 95% de las explotaciones porcinas son de tipo extensivo. De una población de 217.249 cabezas, 173.799 corresponden al tipo extensivo y 43.450 a la forma tecnificada (Colombia, Ministerio de Agricultura, 1976). En relación con la raza de cerdo existente en la región, corresponde especialmente al cerdo criollo denominado Zungo o al cruce de cerdo criollo con razas mejoradas como la Duroc, Poland China, Hampshire, Landrace y Yorkshire. Parece que el cerdo Zungo procede de la raza española conocida como Lampiña o Pelada. El Zungo es un animal de tamaño mediano, piel negra, pelo escaso, trompa mediana, hocico semiagudo, orejas grandes, anchas y pendulosas, rabo escaso y delgado, patas delgadas y falanges largas, cuerpo enjuto, anca caída y jamón escaso. Algunas de las características fisiológicas de esta población incluyen la acumulación de grasa en el organismo y la capacidad de adaptarse a climas cálidos y húmedos (Cabeza, 1977). Debido a los deficientes sistemas de manejo, nutrición y control sanitario, los parámetros de producción son bastante bajos. Las camadas al nacer son pequeñas en número y peso, llegando escasamente a destetar cinco lechones con un peso promedio de 4 kg y los cerdos tardan más de un año para alcanzar los 70 kg de peso. Con el presente trabajo se hizo una evaluación de un sistema de producción mejorado, utilizando una dicta única a base de harina de arroz y torta de algodón en Ia alimentación de los tipos de cerdos Zungo puro; Zungo x Duroc; Duroc x Zungo; 3/4 Duroc x 1/4 Zungo y Duroc puro.Porcicultur

Evaluación del control integrado de plagas en el cultivo de tomate de mesa, con énfasis en el gusano cogollero (Scrobipálpula absoluta)

El cultivo del tomate, es atacado por diferentes especies de insectos plagas que reducen su rendimiento, especialmente del gusano, el cual se considera como el problema entomológico del cultivo presentándose en cualquier etapa del cultivo, tanto en su fase vegetativa como en la fase reproductiva.Tomate-Solanum lycopersicu

Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal)

This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Toarcian Stage, Lower Jurassic, is placed at the base of micritic limestone bed 15e at Ponta do Trovão (Peniche, Lusitanian Basin, Portugal; coordinates: 39°22'15''N, 9°23'07''W), 80km north of Lisbon, and coincides with the mass occurrence of the ammonite Dactylioceras (Eodactylites). The Pliensbachian/ Toarcian boundary (PLB/TOA) is contained in a continuous section forming over 450m of carbonate-rich sediments. Tectonics, syn-sedimentary disturbance, metamorphism or significant diagenesis do not significantly affect this area. At the PLB/TOA, no vertical facies changes, stratigraphical gaps or hiatuses have been recorded. The base of the Toarcian Stage is marked in the bed 15e by the first occurrence of D. (E.) simplex, co-occurring with D. (E.) pseudocommune and D. (E.) polymorphum. The ammonite association of D. (Eodactylites) ssp. and other species e.g. Protogrammoceras (Paltarpites) cf. paltum, Lioceratoides aff. ballinense and Tiltoniceras aff. capillatum is particularly significant for the boundary definition and correlation with sections in different basins. Ammonites of the PLB/ TOA are taxa characteristic of both the Mediterranean and Northwest European provinces that allow reliable, global correlations. The PLB/TOA is also characterized by other biostratigraphical markers (brachiopods, calcareous nannofossils, ostracods and benthic foraminifers) and by high-resolution stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios that show distinctive changes just above the PLB/TOA, thus providing additional, powerful tools for global correlations. The PBL-TOA lies at the end of a second (and third) order cycle of sea-level change, and the top of bed 15e is interpreted as a sequence boundary. Cyclostratigraphy analysis is available for the Lower Toarcian of Ponta do Trovão. Detailed correlations with the Almonacid de la Cuba section (Iberian Range, Spain) provide complementary data of the ammonite succession in the Northwest European Hawskerense and Paltum Subzones, and magnetostratigraphical data that allow supraregional correlations. The proposal was voted on by the Toarcian Working Group in June, 2012, and by the International Subcommission on Jurassic Stratigraphy in September, 2012, approved by the ICS in November, 2014, and ratified by the IUGS in December, 2014. With this Toarcian GSSP, all international stages of the Lower Jurassic have been officially defined.Several scientists have been members of the Toarcian Working Group. We would like to acknowledge all of them. We are also grateful to the ISJS and ICS members who have made valuable comments on a previous version of this manuscript. We warmly thank Marc Philippe for his help with the literature on Pliensbachian/Toarcian continental successions. We warmly thank Christian Meister and Jim Ogg for their helpful review. Constructive remarks by Jim Ogg on an early version of the paper were greatly appreciated. We also acknowledge the precious help of David Besson for providing the ammonite specimens from the Mouterde collection (Musée des Confluences, Lyon). Ammonite photographs were taken by Emmanuel Robert (Collections de Géologie de Lyon). This paper is dedicated to the memory of Abbé René Mouterde and Serge Elmi, who died in 2007 after having been for years the main supporters of the Peniche section as GSSP of Toarcian Stage. Calcareous nannofossil slides are curated at the Collections de Géologie de Lyon (No. FSL 766535-766617). This work has been supported by the BIOSCALES Project (POCTI/ 36438/PAL/2000), coordinated by the Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; R. B. Rocha thanks the support of A. F. Soares, J. C. Kullberg, P. S. Caetano and P. H. Verdial. Financial support was provided to L. V. Duarte, S. Pinto and M. C. Cabral by Projects PDCTE/CTA/44907/2002 and PTDC/CTE-GIX/098968/2008

Ammonite stratigraphy of a Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) section on Nagy-Pisznice Hill (Gerecse Mts, Hungary)

Abstract In the Jurassic rocks exposed in a small abandoned quarry on the northwestern edge of Nagy-Pisznice Hill in the Gerecse Mts, fairly well preserved parts of a crocodile skeleton was found in 1996. The bed which yielded the skeletal remains is the uppermost layer of the Kisgerecse Marl Formation exposed here and was determined as belonging to the Upper Toarcian Grammoceras thouarsense Zone. The beds of the sequence above and below were carefully sampled in the late 1990s, and the encountered ammonites were evaluated biostratigraphically. As a result, the Lower Toarcian Harpoceras serpentinum Zone, the Middle Toarcian Hildoceras bifrons and Merlaites gradatus Zones, and the Upper Toarcian Grammoceras thouarsense and Geczyceras speciosum Zones were identified. Within most of these zones the subzones and even the faunal horizons were successfully recognized. The lowermost beds above the underlying Pliensbachian red limestone did not yield any fossils; thus the lowermost Toarcian Dactylioceras tenuicostatum Zone could not be documented. The highest Toarcian ammonite zones also remained unidentified, because the beds of the Tölgyhát Limestone above were not sampled all the way up. This paper presents the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic details of the sequence, and the paleontological descriptions of the most important ammonites

Utilisation of an operative difficulty grading scale for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background A reliable system for grading operative difficulty of laparoscopic cholecystectomy would standardise description of findings and reporting of outcomes. The aim of this study was to validate a difficulty grading system (Nassar scale), testing its applicability and consistency in two large prospective datasets. Methods Patient and disease-related variables and 30-day outcomes were identified in two prospective cholecystectomy databases: the multi-centre prospective cohort of 8820 patients from the recent CholeS Study and the single-surgeon series containing 4089 patients. Operative data and patient outcomes were correlated with Nassar operative difficultly scale, using Kendall’s tau for dichotomous variables, or Jonckheere–Terpstra tests for continuous variables. A ROC curve analysis was performed, to quantify the predictive accuracy of the scale for each outcome, with continuous outcomes dichotomised, prior to analysis. Results A higher operative difficulty grade was consistently associated with worse outcomes for the patients in both the reference and CholeS cohorts. The median length of stay increased from 0 to 4 days, and the 30-day complication rate from 7.6 to 24.4% as the difficulty grade increased from 1 to 4/5 (both p < 0.001). In the CholeS cohort, a higher difficulty grade was found to be most strongly associated with conversion to open and 30-day mortality (AUROC = 0.903, 0.822, respectively). On multivariable analysis, the Nassar operative difficultly scale was found to be a significant independent predictor of operative duration, conversion to open surgery, 30-day complications and 30-day reintervention (all p < 0.001). Conclusion We have shown that an operative difficulty scale can standardise the description of operative findings by multiple grades of surgeons to facilitate audit, training assessment and research. It provides a tool for reporting operative findings, disease severity and technical difficulty and can be utilised in future research to reliably compare outcomes according to case mix and intra-operative difficulty