2019 pest management guide for tree fruits in the mid-Columbia area : Hood River, The Dalles, White Salmon

Recommends pest management practices for tree fruits in the Mid-Columbia area.The primary purpose of this pest management guide is to provide fruit growers with up-to-date information on registered pesticide uses considered to be effective for controlling insect pests, mite pests, and diseases, when applied at the listed rates and timings. Pesticide use is one element of integrated pest management programs. See pages 2-9 for additional information on pesticide stewardship and integrated pest management resources. Providing comprehensive information on safe and effective use of pesticides is beyond the scope of this publication. Pesticide users should refer to the product label for basic information on permitted uses and hazards associated with specific pesticides. The label specifies the minimum requirements for personal protective equipment (PPE). The potential for applicator exposure is generally higher for airblast sprayer application. Consider using additional PPE beyond what is specified on the label when making airblast applications. The National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual (http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/shared/Documents/Publications/PesticidesPARC/PesticideApplicatorCore Manual.pdf) provides a complete guide to safe handling and use of pesticides. For state-specific pesticide applicator information, see the Oregon Core Manual Addendum, which discusses the major areas of Oregon pesticide laws and regulations (http://www.oregon.gov/ODA/shared/Documents/Publications/ PesticidesPARC/PesticideAddendum.pdf).Published January 2019. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please check for up-to-date titles in the OSU Extension Service Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

2018 pest management guide for tree fruits in the mid-Columbia area : Hood River, The Dalles, White Salmon

The primary purpose of this pest management guide is to provide fruit growers with up-to-date information on registered pesticide uses considered to be effective for controlling insect pests, mite pests, and diseases, when applied at the listed rates and timings. Pesticide use is one element of integrated pest management programs. See pages 2-9 for additional information on pesticide stewardship and integrated pest management resources.Revised January 2018. Information within this publication may be outdated. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Population genomics of Drosophila suzukii reveal longitudinal population structure and signals of migrations in and out of the continental United States

Drosophila suzukii, or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States (U.S.) a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. In this study, we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental U.S., as well as several sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify and analyze hundreds of thousands of genetic markers. We observed strong population structure between Western and Eastern U.S. populations, but no evidence of any population structure between different latitudes within the continental U.S., suggesting there is no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to differences in winter climates. We detect admixture from Hawaii to the Western U.S. and from the Eastern U.S. to Europe, in agreement with previously identified introduction routes inferred from microsatellite analysis. We also detect potential signals of admixture from the Western U.S. back to Asia, which could have important implications for shipping and quarantine policies for exported agriculture. We anticipate this large genomic dataset will spur future research into the genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pes

The role of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) on the biological control of the bollworm Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton crops

Thesis by publication.Includes bibliographical references.1. Influence of crop management and environmental factors on wolf spider assemblages (Araneae: Lycosidae) in an Australian cotton cropping system -- 2. Ecological and molecular approaches for assessing common prey and Helicoverpa larva consumption by wolf spiders in a Bt-cotton field -- 3. Consumptive and non-consumptive effects of wolf spiders on cotton bollworms -- 4. Intraguild interactions between two wolf spider species lead to non-additive effects on the biological control of the cotton bollworm -- 5. Prey encounter, prey vulnerability and nutritional content in a ground arthropod trophic web in cotton crops -- 6. A killer killed? Wolf spider mortality after feeding on ground crickets -- General discussion -- Appendices.Cotton bollworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Helicoverpa spp.) that survive on genetically modified ‘Bt cotton’ contribute to the risk of widespread resistance to Bt toxins. A resistance management technique in cotton fields involves deep tilling of the soil to kill overwintering pupae ('pupae busting'), which is incompatible with the agronomic practice of minimum tillage. As a biological control alternative in minimum-tillage cotton fields, ground predators can kill Helicoverpa spp. larvae as they descend from the plant to pupate in the soil, or moths emerging from underground. In this thesis, I examine the impact of biological control from wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae on ground-dwelling stages of Helicoverpa spp., as a strategy for Bt resistance management in minimum-tillage fields. Wolf spider diversity was higher in complex minimum-tillage cotton plots compared to simple tilled cotton plots. Predation events of general prey were rare to obseve in the field, and gut-content tests that a low proportion of wolf spiders (2.1%) potentially killed IgG-marked Helicoverpa spp. larvae, bu this is likely due to the low rate of spider recapture in cotton plots due to migration. In encosed containers, the three largest and abundant species of wolf spiders Tasmanicosa leuckartii, Hogna crispipes, and Hogna kuyani all kill high proportions of the 5th instar Helicoverpa spp. larvae on the soil. Tasmanicosa killed Helicoverpa before and after pupation; in glasshouse enclosures, a single Tasmanicosa can reduce by 38% the number of larvae surviving to pupation, and by 66% the number of larvae surviving to moth emergence. The increase in abundance (one or two Tasmaniacosa or Hogna individuals) in glasshouse enclosures did not increase Helicoverpa mortality. Increasing spider abundance and diversity (Tasmanicosa + Hogna) in glasshouse enclosures reduced Helicoverpa survival compared to one Tasmanicosa only, but this effect was not additive, suggesting that antagonistic interguild interactions between wolf spiders can limit biological control on Helicoverpa. In the presence of the ground cricket Teleogryllus commodus (a prey commonly observed in the field), Tasmanicosa still killed high proportions of Helicoverpa larvae in laboratory containers. However, transience acquired toxicity by Teleogryllus which led to spider mortality can disrupt biological control of Helicoverpa. In addition to consumptive effects of direct predation, wolf spiders also exerted non-consumptive effects on Helicoverpa in laboratory containers, Helicoverpa larvae spent less time on a cotton boll and more time on the soil in the presence of a spider. Additionally, increased loss of cotton boll mass likely reflects changes in Helicoverpa foraging behaviour induced by the presence of spiders. Considering the setting (laboratory, glashouse, field), and the interactions with intraguild predators and alternative prey, wolf spiders showed various strengths and limitations in their capacity to control Helicoverpa. Given the high diversity and abundance of wolf spiders in cotton fields throughout the cropping season, and the high proportion of Helicoverpa spp. larvae and moths that spiders kill even in the presence of alternative prey, wolf spiders should be considered important biological control agents when implementing pest and Bt resistance management strategies.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (xiv, 256 pages) illustration

Prey of wolf spiders in cotton fields

Field observations of spider predation in cotton field

3_way 4_way food webs

Describes characteristics of animals and encounter and predation outcomes in 3-way and 4-way food web

Consumptive and non-consumptive effects of wolf spiders on cotton bollworms

Larvae of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) that survive on genetically modified Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., Malvaceae) contribute to the risk of widespread resistance to Bt toxins. Current resistance management techniques include pupae busting, which involves deep tilling of the soil to kill overwintering pupae. Unfortunately, pupae busting runs counter to soil and water conserving techniques, such as minimum tillage. This problem could be relieved with biological control methods, whereby predators attack either larvae going to ground to pupate or moths emerging from the ground. We found that the wolf spider Tasmanicosa leuckartii (Thorell) (Araneae: Lycosidae), a common inhabitant of Australian cotton agroecosystems, is an effective predator of H. armigera, attacking and killing most larvae (66%) and emerging moths (77%) in simple laboratory arenas. Tasmanicosa leuckartii also reduced the number of emerging moths by 66% on average in more structurally complex glasshouse arenas. Males, females, and late-instar juveniles of T. leuckartii were similarly effective. Tasmanicosa leuckartii also imposed non-consumptive effects on H. armigera, as when a spider was present larvae in the laboratory areas spent less time on the cotton boll and more time on the soil and more mass was lost from the cotton boll. Increased loss of boll mass likely reflects changes in H. armigera foraging behavior induced by the presence of spiders (indirect non-consumptive effects). Helicoverpa armigera spent more time as pupae when the spider was present in simple laboratory arenas, but not in more complex glasshouse enclosures. Overall, results indicate that T. leuckartii spiders can be effective predators of H. armigera late instars and moths but also suggest that, under some conditions, the presence of spiders could increase the damage to individual cotton bolls.14 page(s

Data from: Does prey encounter and nutrient content affect prey selection in wolf spiders inhabiting Bt cotton fields?

Wolf spiders are abundant and voracious predators at the soil-plant interface in cotton crops. Among other prey, they attack late-instar larvae of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa spp., an economically important pest. Consequently, wolf spiders in transgenic Bt cotton could provide significant biological control of Bt-resistant Helicoverpa larvae that descend to the soil to pupate. The predator-prey interactions between wolf spiders and Helicoverpa could, however, be constrained by the presence of alternative prey and intraguild predators. This study used laboratory enclosures to analyse the effect of alternative prey on predatory selection of the wolf spider Tasmanicosa leuckartii Thorell. The prey included another wolf spider Hogna crispipes Koch (potential intraguild predator), the ground cricket Teleogryllus commodus Walker (minor pest), and Helicoverpa armigera larvae (major pest). We tested if encounter rates, prey vulnerability, and prey nutritional content influenced the likelihood that a prey was attacked. In three-way food webs, Tasmanicosa encountered and attacked Teleogryllus and Helicoverpa in similar frequencies. However, in the presence of a competing intraguild predator and potential prey (Hogna) in a four-way food web, Tasmanicosa did not always attack Teleogryllus at first encounter, but still attacked Helicoverpa at each encounter. Helicoverpa (protein-poor) and Hogna (protein-rich) were consumed by Tasmanicosa in similar proportions, suggesting that Tasmanicosa might benefit from nutrient balance as an outcome of diverse prey in this food web. As Teleogryllus (protein rich) escapes quicker than Helicoverpa and Hogna, Hogna may be an easier protein-rich option than Teleogryllus. Field surveys showed that while Teleogryllus was the most common prey, wolf spiders feed on diverse insect taxa, as well as other spiders. That Tasmanicosa readily attacked Helicoverpa larvae in the presence of alternative prey is an encouraging result that supports the potential of Tasmanicosa predation to assist in the control of Bt-resistant Helicoverpa larvae and thereby inhibit the proliferation and spread of resistance

Data from: Does prey encounter and nutrient content affect prey selection in wolf spiders inhabiting Bt cotton fields?

Wolf spiders are abundant and voracious predators at the soil-plant interface in cotton crops. Among other prey, they attack late-instar larvae of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa spp., an economically important pest. Consequently, wolf spiders in transgenic Bt cotton could provide significant biological control of Bt-resistant Helicoverpa larvae that descend to the soil to pupate. The predator-prey interactions between wolf spiders and Helicoverpa could, however, be constrained by the presence of alternative prey and intraguild predators. This study used laboratory enclosures to analyse the effect of alternative prey on predatory selection of the wolf spider Tasmanicosa leuckartii Thorell. The prey included another wolf spider Hogna crispipes Koch (potential intraguild predator), the ground cricket Teleogryllus commodus Walker (minor pest), and Helicoverpa armigera larvae (major pest). We tested if encounter rates, prey vulnerability, and prey nutritional content influenced the likelihood that a prey was attacked. In three-way food webs, Tasmanicosa encountered and attacked Teleogryllus and Helicoverpa in similar frequencies. However, in the presence of a competing intraguild predator and potential prey (Hogna) in a four-way food web, Tasmanicosa did not always attack Teleogryllus at first encounter, but still attacked Helicoverpa at each encounter. Helicoverpa (protein-poor) and Hogna (protein-rich) were consumed by Tasmanicosa in similar proportions, suggesting that Tasmanicosa might benefit from nutrient balance as an outcome of diverse prey in this food web. As Teleogryllus (protein rich) escapes quicker than Helicoverpa and Hogna, Hogna may be an easier protein-rich option than Teleogryllus. Field surveys showed that while Teleogryllus was the most common prey, wolf spiders feed on diverse insect taxa, as well as other spiders. That Tasmanicosa readily attacked Helicoverpa larvae in the presence of alternative prey is an encouraging result that supports the potential of Tasmanicosa predation to assist in the control of Bt-resistant Helicoverpa larvae and thereby inhibit the proliferation and spread of resistance

Absence of Dp71 in mdx3cv mouse spermatozoa alters flagellar morphology and the distribution of ion channels and nNOS.

In muscle, the absence of dystrophin alters the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC), which is involved in the clustering and anchoring of signaling proteins and ion and water channels. Here we show that mice spermatozoa express only dystrophin Dp71 and utrophin Up71. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of the absence of Dp71 on the morphology and membrane distribution of members of the DAPC, ion channels and signaling proteins of spermatozoa obtained from dystrophic mutant mdx3cv mice. Our work indicates that although the absence of Dp71 results in a dramatic decrease in beta-dystroglycan, it induces membrane redistribution and an increase in the total level of alpha-syntrophin, voltage-dependent Na+ (micro1) and K+ (Kv1.1) channels and neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The short utrophin (Up71) was upregulated and redistributed in the spermatozoa of mdx3cv mice. A significant increase in abnormal flagella morphology was observed in the absence of Dp71, which was partially corrected when the plasma membrane was eliminated by detergent treatment. Our observations point to a new phenotype associated with the absence of Dp71. Abnormal flagellar structure and altered distribution of ion channels and signaling proteins may be responsible for the fertility problems of mdx3cv mice