Índice de Cobertura Vegetal em Santa Maria: O Caso do Bairro Centro

In the last decades has increased the concern of the population in respectto the urban environment and the quality of life in our cities. The urban arborizationis essential to any urban planning and has important functions. Considering thegreen urban areas as one of the factors to be considered in the quality of life for thepopulation, this work has as purpose to contribute for the local studies in what isrelated to the quality of life in the city of Santa Maria, as well as quantifying andconfiguring the vegetal covering of the downtown area of Santa Maria. Throughair photographs, a map of the vegetal covering of downtown was elaborated andfrom that a calculus was made for the area occupied by trees and vegetation fromthe downtown and also the index of vegetal covering for inhabitant. The spatialconfiguration of vegetal covering was made according the model proposed by Jim(1989) apud Cavalheiro et al (1999). The take results shown that the vegetationcovering index of district (7,20%) such the vegetation covering per inhabitant(6,51) was very low according to the recommendable average above therecommended mean (30%), and still that the conection for the configuration of thevegetal covering is insufficient and is not adequately distributed, being able asconsequence to harm of some forms the enviroment and quality of the city and thequality of life of the citizens.Nas últimas décadas tem aumentado a preocupação da população noque diz respeito ao meio ambiente urbano e a qualidade de vida nas cidades. Aarborização urbana é essencial em qualquer planejamento urbano e tem funçõesimportantes. Tomando-se as áreas verdes urbanas como um dos fatores a serconsiderado na qualidade de vida, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral contribuirpara os estudos locais no que se refere à qualidade de vida na cidade de SantaMaria. Tem como objetivo específico analisar a configuração da cobertura vegetaldo bairro Centro de Santa Maria. Através de aerofotogramas verticais elaborou-seum mapa da cobertura vegetal do bairro Centro, e a partir daí se calculou a área dobairro ocupada por vegetação arbórea e também o índice de cobertura vegetal porhabitante. Para a configuração espacial da cobertura vegetal foi seguido o modeloproposto por Jim (1989) apud Cavalheiro et al (1999). Os resultados obtidos mostraramque tanto o índice de cobertura vegetal do bairro (7,20%) como o índice decobertura vegetal por habitante (6,51m2) ficaram abaixo da média recomendável(30%) e, ainda que a conectividade da configuração da cobertura vegetal é maldistribuída. Isso pode estar prejudicando de várias formas a qualidade ambientalda cidade e conseqüentemente a qualidade de vida dos cidadãos que nela habitam

ESPAÇOS EDUCATIVOS NÃO FORMAIS EM DEBATE: COMPREENSÕES E EXPERIÊNCIAS DE PROFESSORES DE CIÊNCIAS DO MUNICÍPIO DE CASTELO, ESPÍRITO SANTO

The non-formal educational spaces represent instances of diffusing knowledge, catalysts of motivation and interest, both for students and for teachers. This paper presents the results of continuing education Castle county science teachers (ES), held the light of action research methodology. Through data collected in the logbook and digital files, if allowed obtaining qualitative results of this training process. Under the theme "Pedagogical practices in non-formal educational spaces in Castelo region" the teachers were able to visit non-formal spaces, as well as meet and discuss didactic and pedagogical proposals employed and/or able to be applied at these sites. This study found that the spaces visited contribute to the process of teaching and learning in that materialize the theoretical and conceptual framework in cognitive areas, social and cultural development of the school.Los espacios educativos no formales representan instancias de difusión del conocimiento, catalizadores de motivación e interés, tanto para los alumnos y para los profesores. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de los profesores de ciencias del condado de educación continua Castillo (ES), que se celebró a luz de la metodología de investigación-acción. A través de los datos recogidos en los archivos de diario y digitales, si lo permite la obtención de resultados cualitativos de este proceso de formación. Bajo el tema "Prácticas pedagógicas en espacios de educación no formal en la región de Castelo" los docentes pudieron visitar espacios no formales, así como conocer y discutir las propuestas didácticas y pedagógicas empleadas y / o en condiciones de ser aplicado en estos sitios. Este estudio encontró que los espacios visitados contribuir al proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el que materializar el marco teórico y conceptual en las áreas cognitivas, el desarrollo social y cultural de la escuela.Os espaços educativos não formais representam instâncias difusoras de conhecimentos, catalisadores de motivação e interesse, tanto para alunos quanto para professores. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da formação continuada de professores de Ciências do município de Castelo (ES), ocorrida à luz da metodologia pesquisa-ação. Por meio de dados coletados em diário de bordo e arquivos digitais, permitiu-se auferir resultados qualitativos desse processo formativo.  Sob a temática “As práticas pedagógicas em espaços educativos não formais no município de Castelo e região” os professores puderam visitar espaços não formais, bem como, conhecer e discutir propostas didático-pedagógicas empregadas e/ou possíveis de serem aplicadas nesses locais. Esse estudo permitiu concluir que os espaços visitados contribuem para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem na medida em que materializam o arcabouço teórico-conceitual nos âmbitos cognitivo, social e cultural dos escolares.&nbsp

INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF COFFEE SEEDLINGS IN THE PRESENCE OF PLANT EXTRACTS

The coffee plant can grow together with different plants, but the presence of allelochemicals can affect the crop post-planting. This study aimed to evaluate the early growth of coffee seedlings following treatment with plant extracts from different botanical families. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four trials, in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of aqueous extracts from six species: canola, crotalaria, brachiaria, sunflower, wheat, and lupine; water was used as the control. The second factor comprised of different botanical parts of the aforementioned six species of plant. The extracts were diluted to 5% concentration and were applied at a dose of 20 mL per plant. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), root dry matter (RDM), and root length (RL). Compared to the canola extract, the application of brachiaria extract resulted in the best response in PH, regardless of the botanical part that constituted the extract, leading to an increase in PH by 3.77 cm. The agronomic character most sensitive to the application of aqueous extracts was PH, in which the brachiaria extract was prominent in inducing the greatest growth, whereas the canola extract hindered the initial development of Arabica coffee seedlings.The coffee plant can grow together with different plants, but the presence of allelochemicals can affect the crop post-planting. This study aimed to evaluate the early growth of coffee seedlings following treatment with plant extracts from different botanical families. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four trials, in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of aqueous extracts from six species: canola, crotalaria, brachiaria, sunflower, wheat, and lupine; water was used as the control. The second factor comprised of different botanical parts of the aforementioned six species of plant. The extracts were diluted to 5% concentration and were applied at a dose of 20 mL per plant. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), root dry matter (RDM), and root length (RL). Compared to the canola extract, the application of brachiaria extract resulted in the best response in PH, regardless of the botanical part that constituted the extract, leading to an increase in PH by 3.77 cm. The agronomic character most sensitive to the application of aqueous extracts was PH, in which the brachiaria extract was prominent in inducing the greatest growth, whereas the canola extract hindered the initial development of Arabica coffee seedlings

COMPARAÇÃO DE ÍNDICES E ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DA COBERTURA VEGETAL ARBÓREA DOS BAIRROS CENTRO DE DUAS METRÓPOLES BRASILEIRAS: BELO HORIZONTE E PORTO ALEGRE

O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar os índices de cobertura vegetal arbórea dos bairros Centro de Porto Alegre/RS e de Belo Horizonte/MG. Como objetivos específicos, buscou-se mapear, quantificar e analisar a cobertura vegetal de porte arbóreo dos bairros em estudo, bem como, analisar a distribuição desta vegetação nos referidos bairros. Para isto, quantificou-se através do aplicativo MapInfo Professional versão 8.5, toda a cobertura vegetal de porte arbóreo visível nas escalas das imagens utilizadas. No sentido de caracterizar a configuração da cobertura vegetal, foi utilizado o modelo proposto por Jim (1989). Os resultados apontaram que o índice de cobertura vegetal de porte arbóreo encontrado para o bairro Centro de Porto Alegre é de 8,02% e o índice do bairro Centro de Belo Horizonte é de 12,57%. O índice de cobertura vegetal de porte arbóreo m²/hab em Porto Alegre foi de 4,65 m²/hab, enquanto para Belo Horizonte obteve-se o resultado de 15,68 m²/hab. Quanto à configuração da cobertura vegetal, encontrou-se para Porto Alegre a predominância da forma isolated, com predominância da variável clustered, sendo que para Belo Horizonte verificou-se também a forma isolated como predominante, com maior área do bairro ocupada pela variável clustered

A phase III, randomized, non-inferiority study comparing the efficacy and safety of biosimilar filgrastim versus originator filgrastim for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in breast cancer patients

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of two filgrastim formulations for controlling chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and to evaluate the non-inferiority of the test drug relative to the originator. METHODS: This phase III non-inferiority study had a randomized, multicenter, and open-label design. The patients were randomized at a ratio of 1:1 with a follow-up period of 6 weeks for each patient. In both study arms, filgrastim was administered subcutaneously at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The primary endpoint was the rate of grade 4 neutropenia in the first treatment cycle. The secondary endpoints were the duration of grade 4 neutropenia, the generation of anti-filgrastim antibodies, and the rates of adverse events, laboratory abnormalities, febrile neutropenia, and neutropenia of any grade. RESULTS: The primary efficacy analysis demonstrated the non-inferiority of the test drug compared with the originator drug; the upper limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the rate of neutropenia between the two groups (12.61%) was lower than the established margin of non-inferiority. The two treatments were similar with respect to the secondary endpoints and safety. CONCLUSION: The efficacy and safety profile of the test drug were similar to those of the originator product based on the rate of grade 4 neutropenia in the first treatment cycle. This study supports Anvisa’s approval of the first biosimilar drug manufactured by the Brazilian industry (Fiprima¯)

Efeitos da aplicação da adubação mineral e orgânica na produção de coqueiro gigante (Cocos nucifera L.) no litoral do estado da paraíba

Mineral and organic fertilizations (NPK, NK+organic matter and NPK+organic matter) were applied to Orthox soil in three native plantations of coconut (Caaporã, Cabedelo and Santa Rita) localized in the Coast area of the Paraíba State (Brazil). Each plant, respectively, received 0.40 kg of N, 0.18 kg of P, 1.20 kg of K, and 20.00 kg of an organic matter (manure). The application of mineral and organic fertilizations increased the coconut yield. In Caaporã plantation, the increment of yield by the addition of organic matter is relationed with the application of Phosphorus in the soil.Em três plantações naturais de coqueiro gigante (Cocos nucifera L.) de 15 anos de idade, localizadas em três diferentes municípios do Estado da Paraíba (Caaporã, Cabedelo e Santa Rita) foi instalado um ensaio de adubação mineral e orgânica utilizando-se diferentes adubações: NPK, NPK + estêrco, NK + estêrco. Em cada tratamento respectivo, adicionou-se 400 g de N, na forma de sulfato de amônio (21% de N), 180 g de P, na forma de superfosfato simples (20% de P2O5), 1.200 g de K, na forma de cloreto de potássio (60% K2O) e 20 kg de estêrco de curral. De uma maneira geral, a adubação aumentou a produção de frutos dos coqueiros nas três localidades. A matéria orgânica adicionada ao solo, promoveu também o aumento da produtividade nas três plantações de coqueiros. No município de Caaporã, o efeito da matéia orgânica no aumento da produtividade dos coqueiros está associado à plicação simultânea de fósforo

Nasal cavity diseases of small ruminants in Federal District and Goiás State, Brazil

As enfermidades que acometem a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes podem causar prejuízos aos rebanhos de ovinos e caprinos na região central do Brasil. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo dos laudos de necropsia do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Brasília (LPV-UnB) nos anos de 2003 a 2014 para verificar a ocorrência das doenças que acometeram a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes. Foram analisados 463 protocolos de ovinos e 75 de caprinos totalizando 538 casos. Seis ovinos (6/463 1,29%) foram necropsiados com rinite granulomatosa micótica ou oomicótica e 22 animais do estudo (22/538; 4,08%) tiveram o diagnóstico de oestrose, sendo 86,36% ovinos e 13,64% caprinos. As rinites piogranulomatosas em ovinos ocorreram em áreas alagadas, com abundante material vegetal em decomposição. Os ovinos com pitiose rinofacial apresentaram como principais alterações aumento de volume na região nasal devido a extensas lesões granulomatosas associadas a necrose tecidual, caracterizadas por inúmeros macrófagos e polimorfonucleares circundando centros necróticos contendo o agente envolto por reação de Splendore-Hoeppli. Os ovinos com conidiobolomicose exibiram extensas áreas de necrose e inflamação piogranulomatosa, associadas à presença de hifas fúngicas na nasofaringe e também na região peribulbar e exoftalmia. A maioria dos animais com oestrose não apresentou alterações clínico-patológicas significativas, apesar de serem encontradas larvas principalmente nos seios e conchas nasais, traqueia e seio paranasal. A importância dessas enfermidades ainda é pouco conhecida na região, sendo de grande relevância que as condições clínico-patológicas e epidemiológicas sejam elucidadas para o diagnóstico, o controle e a prevenção, para evitar a expansão e prejuízos para os rebanhos.Nasal cavity diseases that affect small ruminants can cause losses to sheep and goat herds in Central Brazil. A retrospective study of the University of Brasilia´s Veterinary Pathology Laboratory autopsy reports from 2003 to 2014 was conducted to verify the occurrence of small ruminants nasal cavity diseases. Six necropsied sheep (6/463 1.29%) showed mycotic or oomicotic granulomatous rhinitis and 22 animals (22/538, 4.08%) presented oestrosis diagnosis, affecting 86.36% of sheep and 13.64% of goats. The pyogranulomatous rhinitis in sheep occurred in flooded areas with abundant plant material decomposing. Rhinofacial pythiosis infection in animals showed as major changes swelling in the nasal region due to extensive granulomatous lesions associated with tissue necrosis, characterized by numerous macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells surrounding necrotic centers containing the agent surrounded by Splendore-Hoeppli reaction. Sheep with conidiobolomycosis showed extensive areas of necrosis and pyogranulomatous inflammation associated with fungal hyphae, localized in the nasopharynx and also in peribulbar region and exophthalmia. Most animals with oestrosis showed no significant clinical and pathological changes, even with the presence of larvae mainly in the sinuses and nasal turbinates, trachea and paranasal sinus. The importance of such diseases is still unknown in the region, and the knowledge of the clinical-pathological and epidemiological conditions is of great relevance for the diagnosis, control and prevention to avoid the expansion and losses to livestock

Chagas' disease: activities entomological surveillance on a certain area of the State of São Paulo (Brazil)

In a previous paper, the Vector Control Division of the Department of Health of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, presented the adopted criteria for transference of cleaned Triatoma infestans areas, the main vector of Chagas' disease in the region to a more advanced phase of its control program, called "Entomological Surveillance Phase". Among the areas where T. infestans was not found any longer there is a region of 2007 km², with an estimated population of 51000 people including six counties located in Region 7 - Bauru (São Paulo. State - Brazil), where the Pilot Area of Entomological Surveillance was installed. In this area, between May 1969 and June 1970, the following activities were performed: installation and functioning of a network of information Posts for Triatominae foci; investigation of Triatominae foci; estimation of the infestation in mud cottages, through special boxes for Triatominae (Gomez-Nuñez method); RIF (immunofluorescence reaction) serological survey in blood drop caught in filtering paper, carried through less than 8 years old children; research and capture of Triatominae bugs. As results there was not found T. infestans bugs in the area. Beside this, only few isolated specimens or small foci of other species (R. neglectus and T. sordida) that were not found infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. So, it was concluded that the changing of this area to the Entomological Surveillance Phase was correct, and that the methods used were satisfactory. By there this area was considered in condition to transfering the Chagas' disease control to the local Sanitary Units.A Divisão de Combate a Vetores, da Secretaria da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, em trabalho anterior, apresentou os critérios que adota na passagem de áreas limpas do T. infestans, principal vetor da doença de Chagas na região, para uma fase mais adiantada do seu programa de contrôle, denominada de Fase de Vigilância Entomológica. Entre as áreas onde não se encontram mais exemplares de T. infestans, situa-se uma região de 2.007 km², com população estimada em 51.000 habitantes, compreendida por 6 municípios, situados na Região 7 - Bauru (Estado de São Paulo), onde foi instalada a "Área Piloto de Vigilância Entomológica". Nessa área, entre maio de 1969 e junho de 1970, foram desenvolvidas as seguintes atividades: Instalação e funcionamento de uma rêde de Postos de Informação de focos de triatomíneos; investigação de focos de triatomíneos; avaliação da infestação nas casas de barro, através das caixas-abrigo de triatomíneos (método de Gómez-Nuñez); levantamento sorológico RIF (imunofluorescência), em gôta de sangue colhida em papel de filtro, realizado entre menores de 8 anos; pesquisa e captura de triatomíneos realizada por uma equipe especial. Os resultados conseguidos mostram a inexistência de achados de exemplares do T. infestans na área e, por outro lado, assinalam o encontro esporádico de exemplares isolados ou de pequenos focos de outras espécies (R. neglectus e T. sordida) não infectados pelo T. cruzi. Conclui-se que foi correta a passagem dessa área para a Fase de Vigilância Entomológica e que os métodos empregados funcionaram satisfatòriamente. A vista dos resultados alcançados, essa área apresenta condições para transferir às Unidades Sanitárias locais, parte do contrôle da transmissão da doença de Chagas

The social dimension and indicators of sustainability in agrifood supply chains

Several organizations aim to establish and manage cooperative and collaborative actions in order to incorporate the principles related to sustainable management in supply chains. The indicators related to the social dimension are still barely explored in academic research, since the perceived business practices are still emerging in the contemporary world and in the organizational relations. The opposite of the financial and environmental dimensions, which are already rooted in the business environment. In agrifood chains, social aspects are essential when suppliers are often impoverished farmers, and labor practices are generally painful and exploitative. This paper aims to identify, in the international literature, the state-of-the-art research related to social sustainability in agrifood supply chains. To achieve this goal, a systematic literature review covering papers published in the Science Direct, Directory of Open Access Journals and Emerald Insight databases was carried out. Results indicate that academic production is still low, despite its growth in recent years, and is limited to approaches containing indicators of social sustainability related to support communities affected by agrifood business. In addition, it evidences arrangements among members of supply chains, mostly of the cooperative type, having collaborative arrangements with more limited approaches among the analyzed works

Distribution pattern of anurans from three mountain complexes in southeastern Brazil and their conservation implications

Biogeographic tools support spatial distribution pattern hypotheses and help to determine priority areas for conservation. Our aim was to verify biogeographic patterns for anurans in three mountain complexes in southeastern Brazil, as well as to discuss the status of species conservation recorded and the biogeographical units evaluated. We selected 16 areas distributed in the Serra da Mantiqueira complex, south of Serra do Espinhaço and Serra da Canastra. We used the occurrence (geographic coordinates) of each species in the localities to determine areas of endemism applying the Endemicity Analysis method. We also tested whether similarity between areas was explained by geographic distance (Multiple Regression on distance Matrices-MRM). The Serra do Itatiaia, Serra da Canastra, Plateau of Poços de Caldas and Serra do Cipó were the areas that presented the highest number of species restricted to them. Through the Endemicity Analysis, we identified four areas of endemism with higher scores. The MRM revealed that the geographic distance explained 41% of species dissimilarity between areas. Most of the endemic species from these areas have inaccurate conservation statuses (data deficient or unevaluated). These results highlight the need for greater research efforts towards understanding species restricted by distribution, as well as the priority in conserving these endemic areas