68 research outputs found
Human‐induced globalization of insular herpetofaunas
Aim: The aim was to document the impact of the globalization of human activity
on the biodiversity and biogeographical patterns of reptilian and amphibian faunas
across islands worldwide.
Location: Islands worldwide.
Time period: From the 15th century to the present time.
Major taxa studied: Reptiles and amphibians.
Methods: We compiled lists of the reptilian and amphibian species that occurred on
islands before the 15th century and of those that occur currently. For each species
group, we calculated differences in species richness and in compositional similarities among islands, between the two periods. Regression models were used: (a) to
associate the observed differences with spatial patterns of geographical, climatic,
biotic and human factors; and (b) to quantify changes in the relative importance of
non-human factors in explaining the spatial patterns of species richness and compositional similarity.
Results: The richness of reptile and amphibian species increased consistently across
islands worldwide. Hotspots of increase were detected in the Caribbean and the
Indian Ocean. The composition of species assemblages was substantially homogenized; this was particularly true for amphibians within the Caribbean Sea and for
reptiles within the Caribbean Sea and Indian Ocean and between the Indian and the
Pacific Oceans. Our results showed that spatial patterns of change in species richness
and compositional similarity are driven by human and natural factors. The driving role
of mean annual temperature is particularly consistent, and current reptile richness
and compositional similarity patterns for both species groups are increasingly being
shaped by the global temperature gradient.
Main conclusions: The globalization of human activity is eroding the regionalized
character of insular herpetofaunas and leading to the emergence of global-scale gradients of taxonomic composition and species richness. Projections of increasing rates
of biological invasions, extinctions and climate change suggest that these changes are
likely to be aggravated even further in the coming decadesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio
Calandra lark habitat selection: strong fragmentation effects in a grassland specialist
Conserving grassland birds in farmed landscapes requires the maintenance of favourable agricultural land
uses over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Here we examined the field and landscape-scale habitat
requirements of the calandra lark (Melanocorypha calandra), an obligate grassland bird often associated
with open Mediterranean farmland. Breeding and wintering lark densities were assessed in 42 fallowfields
in southern Portugal, and related to three sets of variables reflecting field, landscape and neighbourhood
effects. Variation partitioning was used to isolate the unique and shared contributions of sets of variables
to explained variation in lark distribution and abundance models. At the field scale, the presence of trees
and shrubs showed the strongest negative effects on calandra lark. At the landscape scale therewere strong
positive response of larks to the amount and patch size of open farmland habitats, and negative responses,
albeit weaker, to drainage and road densities. Calandra lark distribution and abundance was also positively
related to that of conspecifics in surrounding fields, particularly in spring. Results suggest that calandra larks
are highly sensitive to habitat fragmentation, requiring fallow fields with no shrubs or trees, embedded in
large expanses of open farmland. This supports the view that grassland bird conservation in Mediterranean
agricultural landscapes may require a combination of land-use regulations and agri-environment schemes
preventing ongoing shrub encroachment and afforestation of marginal farmland
Networks of global bird invasion altered by regional trade ban
Research Article - EcologyWildlife trade is a major pathway for introduction of invasive species worldwide. However, how exactly wildlife
trade influences invasion risk, beyond the transportation of individuals to novel areas, remains unknown. We
analyze the global trade network of wild-caught birds from 1995 to 2011 as reported by CITES (Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). We found that before the European Union
ban on imports of wild-caught birds, declared in 2005, invasion risk was closely associated with numbers of
imported birds, diversity of import sources, and degree of network centrality of importer countries. After the
ban, fluxes of global bird trade declined sharply. However, new trade routes emerged, primarily toward the
Nearctic, Afrotropical, and Indo-Malay regions. Although regional bans can curtail invasion risk globally, to
be fully effective and prevent rerouting of trade flows, bans should be globalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Patterns and drivers of the global diversity of non‐native macrofungi
Aim: To uncover the biogeography of non-native macrofungal diversity worldwide, by
analysing patterns and drivers of (1) regional variation in species richness, (2) compositional similarity between regional species assemblages and (3) the spatiotemporal
trends of first records.
Location: Global.
Methods: We used a database providing 1608 distribution records of 554 non-native
macrofungal species in 167 national and sub-national regions worldwide. Regression
models accounting for regional levels of recording capacity were used to relate spatial
variation of non-native macrofungal richness and of regional compositional similarities to variables representing geographical, socio-economic and biophysical characteristics of regions. Temporal trends of first records were assessed at the global and
continental scales and for distinct ecofunctional groups.
Results: Regions reporting higher diversity of non-native species occur mainly
in Europe, the Americas and Oceania. Regression models showed that regions
with greater gross domestic product per capita, areal extent and in the Southern
Hemisphere have higher non-native species richness, while regions with similar
mean temperatures and latitudinal position share higher compositional similarities.
Numbers of first records of non-native macrofungi have grown quasi-exponentially
between 1753 and 2018, reflecting not only improved recording capacities but also
likely an increasing number of introductions.Main Conclusions: We find that many regions of the world already harbour a high diversity of non-native macrofungi, with economic, climatic and introduction pathwayrelated factors explaining a relevant portion of the geographical patterns formed by
these taxa. Given that socio-economic activity has increased strongly in recent decades, the global anthropogenic redistribution of macrofungi is likely to intensify further in the near future.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Effects of changed grazing regimes and habitat fragmentation on Mediterranean grassland birds
In Iberian cereal-steppes, decoupling of payments from current production levels through the Single
Farm Payment raised concerns regarding the potential for land abandonment and replacement of sheep
by cattle, with eventual negative consequences for declining grassland birds. This study addressed this
issue by analysing the responses of five grassland bird species of conservation concern to spatial land use
gradients, which are expected to reflect changes potentially associated with the CAP reform. Our results
show that both habitat fragmentation and grazing regimes were major drivers of breeding bird densities,
though responses to these factors were species-specific. Thekla larks were most abundant in landscapes
with small grassland patches and high edge density, whereas calandra larks were abundant only in large
expanses of continuous open farmland habitat. Little bustard and short-toed lark densities declined in
highly fragmented landscapes, but they appeared to tolerate or even benefit from low to moderate levels
of open habitat fragmentation. Corn buntings were little affected by landscape patterns. At the field scale,
little bustard and corn bunting densities were highest in fields grazed by cattle, whereas short-toed larks
were mostly associated with sheep pastures. Short-toed larks and Thekla larks were most abundant in
old fallow fields where cattle was largely absent, whereas corn buntings showed the inverse pattern.
These results confirm the view that the same agricultural policies may be favourable for some species
of conservation concern but detrimental to others, and so they cannot be assumed to bring uniform
conservation benefits
Favourable areas for co-occurrence of parapatric species: niche conservatism and niche divergence in Iberian tree frogs and midwife toads
Aim Predicting species responses to global change is one of the most pressing issues in conservation biogeography. A key part of the problem is understanding how organisms have reacted to climatic changes in the past. Here we use species distribution modelling to infer the effects of climate changes since the Last Interglacial (LIG, about 130,000 ybp) on patterns of genetic structure and diversity in the Western Spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes) in combination with spatially-explicit phylogeographic analyses.
Location Iberian Peninsula and mainland France.
Methods 524 individuals from 54 populations across the species range were sampled to document patterns of genetic diversity and infer their evolutionary history based on data from mtDNA and fourteen polymorphic microsatellites. Generalized linear models based on distribution data were used to infer climatic favourability for the species in the present and in paleoclimatic simulations for the LIG, the Mid Holocene and the last glacial maximum (LGM).
Results Estimates of genetic diversity show a decreasing trend from south to north, suggesting persistence of high historical population sizes in the southern Iberian Peninsula. Species distribution models show differences in climatic favourability through time, with significant correlations between historically stable favourable areas and current patterns of genetic diversity. These results are corroborated by Bayesian Skyline Plots and continuous diffusion phylogeographic analyses.
Main conclusions The results indicate the presence of southern refugia, with moderate recent expansions at the northern end of the species’ range. Toads at the northern range margin exhibit the lowest genetic diversity and occupy areas of high past climate variability, classified as marginal in terms of favourability, rendering these populations most vulnerable to climate-mediated changes in the long term
A database of the global distribution of alien macrofungi
Human activities are allowing the ever-increasing dispersal of taxa to beyond their native ranges. Understanding the patterns and implications of these distributional changes requires comprehensive information on the geography of introduced species. Current knowledge about the alien distribution of macrofungi is limited taxonomically and temporally, which severely hinders the study of human-mediated distribution changes for this taxonomic group.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Distance to edges, edge contrast and landscape fragmentation: interactions affecting farmland birds arounf forest plantations
Afforestation often causes direct habitat losses for farmland birds of conservation concern,
but it is uncertain whether negative effects also extend significantly into adjacent open
land. Information is thus required on how these species react to wooded edges, and how
their responses are affected by edge and landscape characteristics. These issues were
examined in Mediterranean arable farmland, using bird counts at 0, 100, 200, 300 and
>300 m from oak, pine and eucalyptus edges, embedded in landscapes with variable
amounts and spatial configurations of forest plantations. Bird diversity declined away from
edges, including that of woodland, farmland and ground-nesting birds. Positive edge
responses were also found for overall and woodland bird abundances, and for five of the
nine most widespread and abundant species (Galerida larks, stonechat, linnet, goldfinch
and corn bunting). Strong negative edge effects were only recorded for steppe birds, with
reduced abundances near edges of calandra larks and short-toed larks, but not of little bustards
and tawny pipits. Edge contrast affected the magnitude of edge effects, with a tendency
for stronger responses to old and tall eucalyptus plantations (hard edges) than to
young and short oak plantations (soft edges). There were also species-specific interactions
between edge and fragmentation effects, with positive edge responses tending to be strongest
in less fragmented landscapes, whereas steppe birds tended to increase faster away
from edges and to reach the highest species richness and abundances in large arable
patches. Results suggest that forest plantations may increase overall bird diversity and
abundance in adjacent farmland, at the expenses of steppe birds of conservation concern
Potential for invasion of traded birds under climate and land‐cover change
Humans have moved species away from their native ranges since the Neolithic, but
globalization accelerated the rate at which species are being moved. We fitted more
than half million distribution models for 610 traded bird species on the CITES list to
examine the separate and joint effects of global climate and land-cover change on
their potential end-of-century distributions. We found that climate-induced suitability
for modelled invasive species increases with latitude, because traded birds are mainly
of tropical origin and much of the temperate region is ‘tropicalizing.’ Conversely, the
tropics are becoming more arid, thus limiting the potential from cross-continental invasion by tropical species. This trend is compounded by forest loss around the tropics
since most traded birds are forest dwellers. In contrast, net gains in forest area across
the temperate region could compound climate change effects and increase the potential for colonization of low-latitude birds. Climate change has always led to regional
redistributions of species, but the combination of human transportation, climate, and
land-cover changes will likely accelerate the redistribution of species globally, increasing chances of alien species successfully invading non-native lands. Such process of
biodiversity homogenization can lead to emergence of non-analogue communities
with unknown environmental and socioeconomic consequences.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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