Export stützt Beschäftigung: jeder fünfte Arbeitsplatz in Deutschland von der Ausfuhr abhängig

Die Ausfuhr von Waren und Dienstleistungen hat sich auch bei ungünstiger Weltkonjunktur als Stütze der Beschäftigung in Deutschland erwiesen. Das hängt damit zusammen, dass exportierte Investitionsgüter durch ihre hohe Vorleistungsintensität bei anderen Produktionsbereichen in Deutschland Mitzieheffekte auslösen. Davon sind in zunehmendem Maße auch die mit der Industrieproduktion verflochtenen Dienstleistungen begünstigt. So war die Beschäftigung bei den unternehmensbezogenen Dienstleistungen im Jahre 2001 bereits zu gut einem Viertel mittelbar vom Export abhängig. Die Exportabhängigkeit der Beschäftigung in Deutschland lässt sich mit der Input-Output-Rechnung quantifizieren. Die Ergebnisse für die Berichtsperiode 1991 bis 2001 zeigen, dass im Ausgangsjahr sechs von den betrachteten 23 Bereichen des verarbeitenden Gewerbes, zum Ende des Untersuchungszeitraums aber bereits 14 Produktionsbereiche mit mehr als der Hälfte ihrer Beschäftigung für die Ausfuhr tätig waren. Im Jahre 2001 war jeder fünfte Arbeitsplatz direkt oder indirekt von der deutschen Ausfuhr abhängig, nachdem es Mitte der 90er Jahre erst jeder sechste war.

Alister 2.0 - Programmable Logic Controllers in Railway Interlocking Systems for Regional Lines of the DB Netze AG

Railway interlockings are dominated by highly proprietary systems. We present the development project Alister 2.0 -- an interlocking system based on industry-proven standard components: Safety PLCs in distributed nodes communicate over safe network protocols. This enables a highly productive and highly maintainable fail-safe interlocking system for centralised traffic control

Five years of operational experience with the SORG LoNOx® Melter

Following an operation of 5½ years, the prototype of the well-known LoNOx® Melter was shut down in the bottle glass plant at Steinbach am Wald, repaired and then put into operation again. This paper is about the operational experience gained during the time the melter was in operation as well as about the changes made during the repair and their initial consequences. During the last furnace campaign the tonnage was increased from 165 to a maximum of 220 t/d and the cullet ratio was raised to 95 % at the same time. The specific energy consumption decreased to below 3600 kJ/kg and it was possible to further reduce it to 3300 kJ/kg following the repair. The proportion of booster energy, too, was reduced. The NOₓ levels initially achieved were mostly below the target value set by TA Luft (air pollution regulations). At present, the target value can be maintained in a stable way. This type of furnace can be considered to be a good alternative to conventional furnaces with a Denox unit

Assimilation of dynamic topography in a global model

Absolute dynamic topography, i.e. the difference between time dependent multi-mission altimetric sea surface height and one of the most recent GOCE and GRACE based geoids, is assimilated in a global ocean general circulation model. To this end we apply an ensemble based Kalman technique, the "Error Subspace Transform Kalman Filter" (ESTKF). Here we present an update of our work. First of all the geoid is improved over previous versions. The ocean model now includes better dynamics and full sea-ice ocean interactions and more realistic surface forcing. Finally the assimilation method is augmented by a fixed lag smoother technique. This smoother allows to significantly improve the model performance, most strikingly in the first adjustment phase

Zur Verifikation der Normalenregeln in der Plastizitätstheorie

  &nbsp

A multipurpose laboratory diffractometer for operando powder X-ray diffraction investigations of energy materials

Laboratory X-ray diffractometers are among the most widespread instruments in research laboratories around the world and are commercially available in different configurations and setups from various manufacturers. Advances in detector technology and X-ray sources push the data quality of in-house diffractometers and enable the collection of time-resolved scattering data during operando experiments. Here, the design and installation of a custom-built multipurpose laboratory diffractometer for the crystallographic characterization of battery materials are reported. The instrument is based on a Huber six-circle diffractometer equipped with a molybdenum microfocus rotating anode with 2D collimated parallel-beam X-ray optics and an optional two-bounce crystal monochromator. Scattered X-rays are detected with a hybrid single-photon-counting area detector (PILATUS 300K-W). An overview of the different diffraction setups together with the main features of the beam characteristics is given. Example case studies illustrate the flexibility of the research instrument for time-resolved operando powder X-ray diffraction experiments as well as the possibility to collect higher-resolution data suitable for diffraction line-profile analysis

Review of heliostat calibration and tracking control methods

Large scale central receiver systems typically deploy between thousands to more than a hundred thousand heliostats. During solar operation, each heliostat is aligned individually in such a way that the overall surface normal bisects the angle between the sun’s position and the aim point coordinate on the receiver. Due to various tracking error sources, achieving accurate alignment ≤1 mrad for all the heliostats with respect to the aim points on the receiver without a calibration system can be regarded as unrealistic. Therefore, a calibration system is necessary not only to improve the aiming accuracy for achieving desired flux distributions but also to reduce or eliminate spillage. An overview of current larger-scale central receiver systems (CRS), tracking error sources and the basic requirements of an ideal calibration system is presented. Leading up to the main topic, a description of general and specific terms on the topics heliostat calibration and tracking control clarifies the terminology used in this work. Various figures illustrate the signal flows along various typical components as well as the corresponding monitoring or measuring devices that indicate or measure along the signal (or effect) chain. The numerous calibration systems are described in detail and classified in groups. Two tables allow the juxtaposition of the calibration methods for a better comparison. In an assessment, the advantages and disadvantages of individual calibration methods are presented

No significantly increased frequency of the inversion polymorphism at the WBS-critical region 7q11.23 in German parents of patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome as compared to a population control

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Typical Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is commonly caused by a ~1.5 Mb - ~1.8 Mb heterozygous deletion of contiguous genes at chromosome region 7q11.23. The majority of WBS cases occurs sporadically but few familial cases of autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported. Recent data demonstrated the existence of the paracentric inversion polymorphism at the WBS critical region in 7q11.23 in some of the progenitors transmitting the chromosome which shows the deletion in the affected child. In parents having a child affected by WBS the prevalence of such a structural variant has been reported to be much higher (~25- ~30%) than in the general population (~1- ~6%). However, in these previously reported studies only a limited number of randomly selected patients and non transmitting parents of WBS patients were used as controls, but without specification of any clinical data. Therefore we have undertaken a German population-based molecular cytogenetic investigation. We evaluated the incidence of the paracentric inversion polymorphism at 7q11.23 analyzing interphase nuclei of lymphocytes using a three color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>FISH analysis was carried out on couples with a child affected by WBS as compared to a population sample composed of different normal individuals: Control group I: couples with two healthy children, control group II: couples with fertility problems, planning ICSI and control group III: couples with two healthy children and one child with a chromosome aberration, not involving region 7q11.23. The three color FISH assay showed that the frequency of the paracentric inversion polymorphism at 7q11.23 in couples with a child affected by WBS was 20.8% (5 out of 24 pairs) as compared to 8.3% (2 out of 24 pairs, control group I), 25% (4 out of 16 pairs, control group II) and 9.1% (1 out of 11 pairs, control group III), respectively (total 7 out of 51 pairs, 13.8%). The frequencies differed between the groups, but this was statistically not significant (p > 0.05, Fisher's test).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results do not support the hypothesis that the paracentric inversion polymorphism at 7q11.23 is a major predisposing factor for the WBS deletion.</p

F&E-Bericht: Forschung zu Intelligent Cloud Manufacturing Service und Pilot Smart Factory

Der Bericht zum abgeschlossenen Projekt CaMPuS fasst die Ergebnisse zusammen. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie ein deutsch-chinesisches Lernfabriknetzwerk durch Zusammenarbeit der TU Darmstadt und Festo Didactic in Deutschland sowie CASICloud-Tech und dem ITEI Institut in China aufgebaut wurde. Auf Basis dieses Lernfabriknetzwerkes wurden neue Schulungsinhalte in den Bereichen Werkerassistenzsysteme, Bauteilrückverfolgbarkeit und Cloud Manufacturing für die Bedarfe chinesischer Unternehmen erstellt und die Vernetzung von internationalen Wertschöpfungsnetzwerken durch Anbindung an eine gemeinsame Cloud gestärkt