Verwundbare Stadt : Ein Beitrag zum Konzept Vulnerabilität am Beispiel der "Schweinegrippe"

Das Konzept der Vulnerabilität wird von diversen Forschungsdisziplinen angewendet, um mit verschiedensten Phänomenen in Zusammenhang mit Gefahren, Risiken und Schädigungen umzugehen. Es ist gekennzeichnet durch eine stark heterogene Verwendung je nach disziplinärem Kontext, die dazu führt, dass kaum Konsens über die Auslegung des Begriffs besteht. Traditionell eher in den Naturwissenschaften verankert, wie etwa der Untersuchung von Vulnerabilität durch Naturrisiken wie Hochwasser oder Erdbeben, wird der Begriff in der wissenschaftlichen Debatte zumeist in einer essentialistischen Auslegung verwendet. Vulnerabilität wird dabei als etwas Naturgegebenes aufgefasst. Die Erforschung des Begriffs in den Gesellschaftswissenschaften ist hingegen relativ neu. Bislang fehlt insbesondere den sozial- und raumwissenschaftlichen Ansätzen häufig ein theoretisches Fundament im Umgang mit dem Konzept Vulnerabilität. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt in der sozialwissenschaftlich angelegten Raumforschung ist die Untersuchung der Wahrnehmung von Vulnerabilität. Hierbei wird davon ausgegangen, dass ein Bewusstsein über mögliche Gefahren sowie dessen Bewertung gleichermaßen von Bedeutung wie die Gefahr selbst sind. Hinsichtlich dieser Annahme kann folglich von einer konstruierten respektive „gefühlten“ Vulnerabilität die Rede sein. Aus dieser Perspektive wird Vulnerabilität nicht als eine gegebene Eigenschaft, sondern als ein gedankliches Konzept aufgefasst. Dennoch kann Vulnerabilität immer auch eine materielle Ebene besitzen, da wahrgenommene Gefahren, ob real oder konstruiert, materielle Wirkungen nach sich ziehen können. Vor dem Hintergrund des Titels „Verwundbare Stadt“ ist der konkrete Untersuchungsgegenstand dieses Beitrags die Fragestellung, inwiefern die Wahrnehmung von Vulnerabilität die Stadt beeinflusst. Dabei wird die Stadt sowohl als räumliche als auch als gesellschaftliche Bezugsgröße verstanden. Die Fragestellung wird anhand eines für die Disziplin der Stadtplanung zunächst ungewöhnlich erscheinenden Analysebeispiels untersucht: der im Frühjahr 2009 aufgetretenen sogenannten ‚Schweinegrippe‘, die als Pandemie eingestuft wurde und eine gewisse Zeit ein beherrschendes Thema in der Öffentlichkeit darstellte. Die wirtschaftlichen und politischen Auswirkungen, der Einfluss der Medien sowie die Wahrnehmung in der Bevölkerung sind dabei zentrale Untersuchungsaspekte, anhand derer die ‚Schweinegrippe‘ als vermeintliche Vulnerabilität bewertet werden soll. Online-Version im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin (www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de) erschienen.The concept of vulnerability is adopted by various scientific disciplines to approach different phenomena connected with threats, risks, and damages. The heterogeneous use of the term leads to ambiguous interpretations depending on the field of study. Traditionally embedded in the natural sciences through studies of natural hazards such as earthquakes and floods, the academic discourse concentrates on an essentialist interpretation of the concept where vulnerability is conceived as something natural. On the other hand, research of vulnerability in the field of social sciences poses a recent development. Until now, in particular the spatial sciences lack a theoretical framework to approach the notion of vulnerability. A substantial aspect in dealing with the concept of vulnerability in spatial sciences constitutes the study of the perception of vulnerability. It is assumed that the awareness of potential threats as well as their assessment are equally relevant than the threat itself. In this regard, an artificial respectively perceived vulnerability is established. From this standpoint, vulnerability transforms from a naturally given condition to a theoretical construct. Nevertheless, vulnerability always includes a material layer since threats – whether actual or solely perceived – may lead to tangible impacts. The present work entitled “Vulnerable City” observes how the perception of vulnerability influences urban spaces. Urban spaces are comprehended as much a spatial as a social dimension. The research question is approached with the – for spatial planning rather unusual – example of swine flu, declared as a flu pandemic and dominant topic in the public in early 2009. On the basis of the economic and political consequences, the impact of the media, and the public perception the swine flu is assessed as a perceived vulnerability. Online-Version published by Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin (www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de)

O ENGAJAMENTO DE CRIANÇAS EM AULAS ONLINE

This paper brings an experience report about the English remote teaching to children due to the pandemic COVID-19, which affected Brazil at the beginning of March of 2020. The objective is to identify the ways we, teachers, can make students feel more motivated to participate and engage in class. In this experience different online tools were used to try to create better engagement, and at the end of the report, after some observations and the teaching practice, we have the conclusion of the better tools for prompting children participation.Esse artigo traz um relato de experiência sobre o ensino remoto para crianças devido à pandemia COVID-19, que afetou o Brasil no início de Março de 2020. O objetivo é identificar as formas online nas quais nós, professores, podemos fazer os alunos se sentirem mais motivados para participar e engajar nas aulas. Nessa experiência foram usadas diferentes ferramentas para tentar gerar o melhor engajamento, e ao final desse relato, depois de algumas observações e da prática de ensino, temos a conclusão das melhores ferramentas para induzir a participação das crianças

FACS purification and transcriptome analysis of drosophila neural stem cells reveals a role for Klumpfuss in self-renewal

Drosophila neuroblasts (NBs) have emerged as a model for stem cell biology that is ideal for genetic analysis but is limited by the lack of cell-type-specific gene expression data. Here, we describe a method for isolating large numbers of pure NBs and differentiating neurons that retain both cell-cycle and lineage characteristics. We determine transcriptional profiles by mRNA sequencing and identify 28 predicted NB-specific transcription factors that can be arranged in a network containing hubs for Notch signaling, growth control, and chromatin regulation. Overexpression and RNA interference for these factors identify Klumpfuss as a regulator of self-renewal. We show that loss of Klumpfuss function causes premature differentiation and that overexpression results in the formation of transplantable brain tumors. Our data represent a valuable resource for investigating Drosophila developmental neurobiology, and the described method can be applied to other invertebrate stem cell lineages as well

Estimulação de crianças com risco para atraso no desenvolvimento: impacto de uma intervenção com mães

Objetivo: Analisar o impacto de uma intervenção educativa com mães sobre a estimulação de crianças com risco para atraso no desenvolvimento, à luz da Teoria de Paulo Freire.Método: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, exploratório e descritivo, realizado em março de 2018 com mães de crianças menores de dois anos matriculadas em Centros de Referência em Educação Infantil. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas após intervenção educativa e analisaram-se os dados obtidos pela técnica temática.Resultados: Evidenciou-se o aumento do conhecimento das mães e mudanças de atitudes quanto à estimulação infantil após a intervenção, possibilitando socialização das informações com outras mães e empoderamento materno, que ajudam na identificação de alterações, motivação e autonomia para buscar novas formas de promover o desenvolvimento infantil.Conclusão: A intervenção educativa se mostrou efetiva, pois as mães passaram a estimular seus filhos no domicílio e a compartilhar as informações com outras mães. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento infantil. Educação em saúde. Mães

An Architecture for Querying Business Process, Business Process Instances, and Business Data Models

Business data are usually managed by means of business processes during process instances. These viewpoints (business, instances and data) are strongly related because the life-cycle of business data objects need to be aligned with the business process and process instance models. However, current approaches do not provide a mechanism to integrate these three viewpoints nor to query them all together while maintaining the information in the distributed, heterogeneous systems where they have been created. In this paper, we propose the integration of the business process, business process instance, and business data models by using their metamodels and also an architecture to support this integration. The goal of this integration is to make the most of the three models and the technologies that support them in an isolated way. In our approach, it is not necessary to change the source data formats nor transforming them into a common one. Furthermore, the proposed architecture allows us to query the three models even though they come from three di�erent technologies

Improving Motor Activity Assessment in Depression: Which Sensor Placement, Analytic Strategy and Diurnal Time Frame Are Most Powerful in Distinguishing Patients from Controls and Monitoring Treatment Effects

Background Abnormalities in motor activity represent a central feature in major depressive disorder. However, measurement issues are poorly understood, limiting the use of objective measurement of motor activity for diagnostics and treatment monitoring. Methods To improve measurement issues, especially sensor placement, analytic strategies and diurnal effects, we assessed motor activity in depressed patients at the beginning (MD; n=27) and after anti-depressive treatment (MD-post; n=18) as well as in healthy controls (HC; n=16) using wrist- and chest-worn accelerometers. We performed multiple analyses regarding sensor placements, extracted features, diurnal variation, motion patterns and posture to clarify which parameters are most powerful in distinguishing patients from controls and monitoring treatment effects. Results Whereas most feature-placement combinations revealed significant differences between groups, acceleration (wrist) distinguished MD from HC (d=1.39) best. Frequency (vertical axis chest) additionally differentiated groups in a logistic regression model (R2=0.54). Accordingly, both amplitude (d=1.16) and frequency (d=1.04) showed alterations, indicating reduced and decelerated motor activity. Differences between MD and HC in gestures (d=0.97) and walking (d=1.53) were found by data analysis from the wrist sensor. Comparison of motor activity at the beginning and after MD-treatment largely confirms our findings. Limitations Sample size was small, but sufficient for the given effect sizes. Comparison of depressed in-patients with non-hospitalized controls might have limited motor activity differences between groups. Conclusions Measurement of wrist-acceleration can be recommended as a basic technique to capture motor activity in depressed patients as it records whole body movement and gestures. Detailed analyses showed differences in amplitude and frequency denoting that depressed patients walked less and slower

A marker of biological age explains individual variation in the strength of the adult stress response

This research was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) under grants BB/J016446/1, BB/J015091/1 and BB/J016292/1. The project has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. AdG 666669 (D.N.) and 268926 (P.M.)) K.A.S. was also funded by a BBSRC David Phillips Research Fellowship. The raw data and R script from this experiment are publicly available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.846830 [38].The acute stress response functions to prioritize behavioural and physiological processes that maximize survival in the face of immediate threat. There is variation between individuals in the strength of the adult stress response that is of interest in both evolutionary biology and medicine. Age is an established source of this variation-stress responsiveness diminishes with increasing age in a range of species-but unexplained variation remains. Since individuals of the same chronological age may differ markedly in their pace of biological ageing, we asked whether biological age-measured here via erythrocyte telomere length-predicts variation in stress responsiveness in adult animals of the same chronological age. We studied two cohorts of European starlings in which we had previously manipulated the rate of biological ageing by experimentally altering the competition experienced by chicks in the fortnight following hatching. We predicted that individuals with greater developmental telomere attrition, and hence greater biological age, would show an attenuated corticosterone (CORT) response to an acute stressor when tested as adults. In both cohorts, we found that birds with greater developmental telomere attrition had lower peak CORT levels and a more negative change in CORT levels between 15 and 30 min following stress exposure. Our results, therefore, provide strong evidence that a measure of biological age explains individual variation in stress responsiveness: birds that were biologically older were less stress responsive. Our results provide a novel explanation for the phenomenon of developmental programming of the stress response: observed changes in stress physiology as a result of exposure to early-life adversity may reflect changes in ageing.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe