Conflicting perceptions of the status of field biology and identification skills in UK education

There is an enormous degree of engagement between people and the outdoors in the UK; 58% of the adult population of England, about 24 million people, make at least one visit a week to parks, urban green spaces, the countryside or other outdoor destinations. Having nearby green space is important to 52% of adults and 37% of them claim to watch wildlife while outdoors (Natural England 2015a). Children, usually encouraged by adults, also make many visits to the ‘natural’ environment; 70% of children in England, about 7 million, visit natural environments at least once a week (Natural England 2015b). There is, nevertheless, an ongoing thread of opinion and research that suggests that engagement with and knowledge and understanding of the natural environment and knowledge of plants and animals may be decreasing in affluent consumer societies. Thus, Pergams and Zaradic (2008) described a shift away from visits to the outdoors and nature-based recreation in the US and Japan. There is also evidence of widespread decrease in support for natural history in developed economies, despite its huge importance to society (Tewksbury et al. 2015)

The Rights and Remedies of Abutting Owners in Streets, with Special Reference to Elevated Railroads

Thesis for the degree of Bachelor of Laws

Mechanical Stimulation Controls Canopy Architecture and Improves Volume Utilization Efficiency in Bioregenerative Life-Support Candidate Crops

Thigmomorphogenesis can be utilized to improve volume utilization efficiency in peppers (Capsicum annum cv. California Wonder), a candidate crop for fresh food production in space. The effect occurred primarily through a reduction in average plant height. Reductions in vegetative growth metrics during the juvenile growth phase (growth leading up to and including early anthesis) were not observed during the mature or fruiting phase, with the notable exception of reduced plant height. Early flower production and fruit set was reduced under MS; however, the total edible biomass was not reduced, with MS plants producing fewer but larger fruits. The overall reduction in plant height due to MS (Mechanical Stimulation) was sufficient to realize theoretical improvements in VUE (Volume Use Efficiency) for large vertical farming systems. The reduced heights observed could improve VUE in single tier spaceflight hardware (e.g., Veggie; Massa 2016 (this issue)) in that crops that would not normally fit in these spaceflight systems may be accommodated if MS can be applied. Although the potential for using MS to induce thigmomorphogenic phenotypes has long been appreciated, it is only recently that the growth systems themselves could take advantage of the modified crop architecture associated with MS. It is with this in mind that renewed attention should be given to developing procedures for environmentally modifying crops for spaceflight applications

How to Track Protists in Three Dimensions

We present an apparatus optimized for tracking swimming microorganisms in the size range 10-1000 microns, in three dimensions (3D), far from surfaces, and with negligible background convective fluid motion. CCD cameras attached to two long working distance microscopes synchronously image the sample from two perpendicular directions, with narrowband dark-field or bright-field illumination chosen to avoid triggering a phototactic response. The images from the two cameras can be combined to yield 3D tracks of the organism. Using additional, highly directional broad-spectrum illumination with millisecond timing control the phototactic trajectories in 3D of organisms ranging from Chlamydomonas to Volvox can be studied in detail. Surface-mediated hydrodynamic interactions can also be investigated without convective interference. Minimal modifications to the apparatus allow for studies of chemotaxis and other taxes.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure

Adaptive Calibration for Prediction of Finite Population Totals

Sample weights can be calibrated to reflect the known population totals of a set of auxiliary variables. Predictors of finite population totals calculated using these weights have low bias if these variables are related to the variable of interest, but can have high variance if too many auxiliary variables are used. This article develops an adaptive calibration approach, where the auxiliary variables to be used in weighting are selected using sample data. Adaptively calibrated estimators are shown to have lower mean squared error and better coverage properties than non-adaptive estimators in many cases

Automated design analysis, assembly planning and motion study analysis using immersive virtual reality

Previous research work at Heriot-Watt University using immersive virtual reality (VR) for cable harness design showed that VR provided substantial productivity gains over traditional computer-aided design (CAD) systems. This follow-on work was aimed at understanding the degree to which aspects of this technology were contributed to these benefits and to determine if engineering design and planning processes could be analysed in detail by nonintrusively monitoring and logging engineering tasks. This involved using a CAD-equivalent VR system for cable harness routing design, harness assembly and installation planning that can be functionally evaluated using a set of creative design-tasks to measure the system and users' performance. A novel design task categorisation scheme was created and formalised which broke down the cable harness design process and associated activities. The system was also used to demonstrate the automatic generation of usable bulkhead connector, cable harness assembly and cable harness installation plans from non-intrusive user logging. Finally, the data generated from the user-logging allowed the automated activity categorisation of the user actions, automated generation of process flow diagrams and chronocyclegraphs

IVOA Recommendation: IVOA Credential Delegation Protocol Version 1.0

The credential delegation protocol allows a client program to delegate a user's credentials to a service such that that service may make requests of other services in the name of that user. The protocol defines a REST service that works alongside other IVO services to enable such a delegation in a secure manner. In addition to defining the specifics of the service protocol, this document describes how a delegation service is registered in an IVOA registry along with the services it supports. The specification also explains how one can determine from a service registration that it requires the use of a supporting delegation service