49 research outputs found
Comparative evaluation by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of MDR1, MRP and GSTp gene expression in breast carcinomas.
Identification and quantitative evaluation of drug resistance markers are essential to assess the impact of multidrug resistance (MDR) in clinical oncology. The MDR1 gene confers pleiotropic drug resistance in tumour cells, but other molecular mechanisms are also involved in drug resistance. In particular, the clinical pattern of expression of the other MDR-related genes is unclear and their interrelationships are still unknown. Here, we report standardization of the procedures used to determine a reliable method of semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a standard series of drug-sensitive and increasingly resistant cell lines to evaluate the expression of three MDR-related genes, i.e. MDR1 (multidrug resistance gene 1), MRP (multidrug resistance related protein) and GSTp (glutathione-S-transferase p), reported to be endogenous standard genes for normalization of mRNAs. A total of 74 breast cancer surgical biopsies, obtained before any treatment, were evaluated by this method. When compared with classical clinical and laboratory findings, GSTp mRNA level was higher in diploid tumours. However, the main finding of our study suggests a clear relationship between two of these MDR-related gene expressions, namely GSTp and MRP. This finding provides new insight into human breast tumours, which may possibly be linked to the glutathione conjugate carrier function of MRP. Well defined semiquantitative RT-PCR procedures can therefore constitute a powerful tool to investigate MDR phenotype at mRNA levels of different related genes in small and precious tumour biopsy specimens
NectarCAM : a camera for the medium size telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array
NectarCAM is a camera proposed for the medium-sized telescopes of the
Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) covering the central energy range of ~100 GeV
to ~30 TeV. It has a modular design and is based on the NECTAr chip, at the
heart of which is a GHz sampling Switched Capacitor Array and a 12-bit Analog
to Digital converter. The camera will be equipped with 265 7-photomultiplier
modules, covering a field of view of 8 degrees. Each module includes the
photomultiplier bases, high voltage supply, pre-amplifier, trigger, readout and
Ethernet transceiver. The recorded events last between a few nanoseconds and
tens of nanoseconds. The camera trigger will be flexible so as to minimize the
read-out dead-time of the NECTAr chips. NectarCAM is designed to sustain a data
rate of more than 4 kHz with less than 5\% dead time. The camera concept, the
design and tests of the various subcomponents and results of thermal and
electrical prototypes are presented. The design includes the mechanical
structure, cooling of the electronics, read-out, clock distribution, slow
control, data-acquisition, triggering, monitoring and services.Comment: In Proceedings of the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference
(ICRC2015), The Hague, The Netherlands. All CTA contributions at
arXiv:1508.0589
Can dissonance engineering improve risk analysis of human–machine systems?
The paper discusses dissonance engineering and its application to risk analysis of human–machine systems. Dissonance engineering relates to sciences and technologies relevant to dissonances, defined as conflicts between knowledge. The richness of the concept of dissonance is illustrated by a taxonomy that covers a variety of cognitive and organisational dissonances based on different conflict modes and baselines of their analysis. Knowledge control is discussed and related to strategies for accepting or rejecting dissonances. This acceptability process can be justified by a risk analysis of dissonances which takes into account their positive and negative impacts and several assessment criteria. A risk analysis method is presented and discussed along with practical examples of application. The paper then provides key points to motivate the development of risk analysis methods dedicated to dissonances in order to identify the balance between the positive and negative impacts and to improve the design and use of future human–machine system by reinforcing knowledge
Qualitative questionnaire for the identification of cognems (Qualiquic): an exploratory technique to identify social representation contents and relations
While the investigation of social representation contents through the analysis of word associations is convenient, it does not directly inform about the nature of relationships that representation elements maintain with the social object. This paper presents a qualitative technique, Qualiquic, that is easy and simple to administer. Qualiquic has the advantage of gathering representation contents characterized by their relationships with the representation object, based on a simplified list of descriptive, practical, and evaluative connectors of the basic cognitive schemes model. The underlying theoretical principles are explained, and empirical guidelines are provided, as well as an empirical example of use
Toward a Comprehensive Approach to the Collection and Analysis of Pica Substances, with Emphasis on Geophagic Materials
Pica, the craving and subsequent consumption of non-food substances such as earth, charcoal, and raw starch, has been an enigma for more than 2000 years. Currently, there are little available data for testing major hypotheses about pica because of methodological limitations and lack of attention to the problem.In this paper we critically review procedures and guidelines for interviews and sample collection that are appropriate for a wide variety of pica substances. In addition, we outline methodologies for the physical, mineralogical, and chemical characterization of these substances, with particular focus on geophagic soils and clays. Many of these methods are standard procedures in anthropological, soil, or nutritional sciences, but have rarely or never been applied to the study of pica.Physical properties of geophagic materials including color, particle size distribution, consistency and dispersion/flocculation (coagulation) should be assessed by appropriate methods. Quantitative mineralogical analyses by X-ray diffraction should be made on bulk material as well as on separated clay fractions, and the various clay minerals should be characterized by a variety of supplementary tests. Concentrations of minerals should be determined using X-ray fluorescence for non-food substances and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy for food-like substances. pH, salt content, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content and labile forms of iron oxide should also be determined. Finally, analyses relating to biological interactions are recommended, including determination of the bioavailability of nutrients and other bioactive components from pica substances, as well as their detoxification capacities and parasitological profiles.This is the first review of appropriate methodologies for the study of human pica. The comprehensive and multi-disciplinary approach to the collection and analysis of pica substances detailed here is a necessary preliminary step to understanding the nutritional enigma of non-food consumption
La décorporation des éléments transuraniens selon leur forme chimique et le mode de contamination
L'efficacité, d'un traitement local par le DTPA a ,été, mesurée après administration par voie intra-musculaire de Np(IV) et de Np(V) chez le rat. Une décorporation significative n'a ,été, obtenue
que pour le Np(IV) lorsque le traitement est réalisé, de façon précoce. Un traitement chronique par le DTPA a ,également ,été, effectué, après inhalation d'oxydes mixtes (U, Pu)O2. Une
diminution d'un facteur de 3 à? 5 des rétentions extra-pulmonaires des ,émetteurs α, a ,été, observée. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance de la connaissance de la biocinétique des actinides et
des agents chélateurs pour améliorer l'efficacité, de la décorporation
Caractérisation physico-chimiques des poudres inhalables d'oxydes mixtes (U, Pu)O
Dans le cadre des études de toxicologie pulmonaire des oxydes mixtes (U,Pu)O2, nous avons étudié les propriétés physico-chimiques des poudres inhalables fabriquées selon le procédé
industriel COCA et MIMAS, prélevées au poste de rectification et renfermant respectivement 5.3 et 4.7 % de Pu. Ces poudres sont étudiées après inhalation chez le rat, dans les macrophages
alvéolaires extraits par lavage pulmonaire. L'analyse en spectrométrie X de dispersion d'énergie (EDS) couplée au microscope électronique a permis de mettre en évidence une forte
hétérogénéité à l'échelle nanométrique de ces deux types de combustible. Les particules sont le plus souvent sous forme d'aggrégats. La plupart des particules unitaires (>60%) correspondent à
de l'UO2 "pur" d'après le spectre EDS. Les autres sont soit du PuO2 "pur" soit (U, Pu)O2 avec des teneurs en Pu pouvant atteindre plus de 30 %. Les résultats semi-quantitatifs indiquent que
les poudres MIMAS et COCA sont hétérogènes. L'étude autoradiographique confirme cette hétérogénéité et visualise la grande hétérogénéité de la répartition de dose au sein des tissus
pulmonaires après inhalation
HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN Bi-Sm-Sr-Ca-Cu-O
X-ray diffraction, resistivity and magnetic susceptibility for BiSrCaCuO (2224) system and 10 % Sm substituted for Bi in (2223) system are reported. The high temperature transition at 110 K disappears when Sm is substituted while there is no major change in the lattice parameters. The possible role of Bi-O planes in the superconducting mechanism in this system is indicated