Payalchi´o´ob : las oraciones en maya yucateco para curar enfermedades

The present work aims to analyze the prayers in Yucatec Maya (payalchi'o'ob), which are of vital importance for the indigenous population of present-day Mexico, utilized during healing rites and their components. This analysis also serves to offer an approach to the indigenous worldview in contemporary Mexico. This text is based on Marcel Mauss proposal: prayer must be considered as an institution since it is the main phenomenon of religious life, and the history of religions must be understood in accordance with the changes undergone by prayer. Therefore, analyzing the characteristics of the meaning that a traditional prayer in Yucatec Maya acquires within a healing rite serves to identify the importance of this ritual expression to cure an illness. Despite the importance that this component of the rite has in the contemporary Yucatec Mayan context, it is little studied by anthropology. Here is where the anthropological relevance of this work lies.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las oraciones en maya yucateco (payalchi´o´ob) en los ritos de curación y sus componentes, los cuales son de vital importancia en los pueblos indígenas del México actual; además, este análisis sirve para tener un acercamiento con la cosmovisión indígena del México contemporáneo. Este texto parte de la propuesta de Marcel Mauss acerca de que la oración debe ser considerada como una institución, siendo el principal fenómeno de la vida religiosa, y que la historia de las religiones debe ser entendida con base en los cambios que presente la oración. De tal forma, el análisis de las características de sentido que adquiere una oración tradicional en maya yucateco en un rito de curación sirve para identificar la importancia de esta expresión ritual para curar una enfermedad en el mundo maya. A pesar de la importancia que este componente del rito tiene en el contexto maya yucateco contemporáneo, es una esfera poco estudiada por la antropología en general. Por tal motivo, esta es la esfera donde radica la relevancia antropológica de este trabajo

Tijuana en la encrucijada de la migración. Leyes, instituciones y presupuesto para atender a migrantes en una región violenta

The city of Tijuana has become a necessary stopover for thousands of migrants who, in order to avoid violence and legal complexities, must face a hostile environment. Despite the existence of the Migration Law and the Law on Refugees and Complementary Protection, both from 2011, as well as the creation of the Municipal Directorate of Attention to Migrants (DMAM) in 2015, the Law for the Attention, Protection of the Rights and Support of Migrants in the State of Baja California, enacted in 2021, and the Protocol for Attention to the Migrant Population of 2022, the resources and efforts of the local government are limited, making it difficult to achieve the stated objective of protecting the physical integrity of migrants. The objective of this paper is to explore the legal path followed by those who arrive at the southern border in pursuit of the "American dream", within the context of the violence that has grown exponentially in Mexico and the health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study highlight the importance of international organizations and local civil associations as valuable allies of local authorities in Tijuana.La ciudad de Tijuana en el último lustro es una estancia obligada para miles de migrantes que, sorteando la violencia y los entresijos legales, tuvieron que enfrentarse a un escenario hostil. A pesar de la Ley de Migración y la Ley sobre Refugiados y Protección Complementaria, ambas de 2011, la creación de la Dirección Municipal de Atención a Migrantes en Tijuana -DMAM en 2015, la Ley para la Atención, Protección de los Derechos y Apoyo a Migrantes en el Estado de Baja California, promulgada en 2021, y el Protocolo de Atención a la Población Migrante de 2022, los recursos y esfuerzos del gobierno local son limitados y difícilmente se logran los objetivos planteados de proteger la integridad física de los migrantes. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar el camino legal que siguen quienes llegan por la frontera sur para alcanzar el "sueño americano". Los resultados de este estudio muestran a las organizaciones internacionales y asociaciones civiles locales como importantes aliados de las autoridades locales de Tijuana

Educación, salud y alimentación en las relaciones internacionales

Aborda la multidisciplinariedad de las relaciones internacionales como fenómeno y disciplina de estudio. Lo hace de manera enfática en los temas de educación, salud y alimentación. Este estudio parte de la revisión de literatura de los autores más destacados en el desarrollo de la materia, con base en su participación y relevancia en los argumentos que toca discutir en las páginas siguientes. De manera similar, se utilizan como referencia las convenciones que han destacado a lo largo de las últimas décadas y la concepción de las organizaciones internacionales

Payalchi´o´ob : las oraciones en maya yucateco para curar enfermedades

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las oraciones en maya yucateco (payalchi´o´ob) en los ritos de curación y sus componentes, los cuales son de vital importancia en los pueblos indígenas del México actual; además, este análisis sirve para tener un acercamiento con la cosmovisión indígena del México contemporáneo. Este texto parte de la propuesta de Marcel Mauss acerca de que la oración debe ser considerada como una institución, siendo el principal fenómeno de la vida religiosa, y que la historia de las religiones debe ser entendida con base en los cambios que presente la oración. De tal forma, el análisis de las características de sentido que adquiere una oración tradicional en maya yucateco en un rito de curación sirve para identificar la importancia de esta expresión ritual para curar una enfermedad en el mundo maya. A pesar de la importancia que este componente del rito tiene en el contexto maya yucateco contemporáneo, es una esfera poco estudiada por la antropología en general. Por tal motivo, esta es la esfera donde radica la relevancia antropológica de este trabajo

La frontera sur de México con Guatemala y Belice: problemas y retos de la seguridad nacional y sus diferentes dimensiones

The general aim of this article is to find changes in national security policies by the Mexican State on the border of Mexico with Guatemala in the period 2008-2019 as a result of transitions in United States migration policies in response to the problems and challenges present in the last decade. The proposal of the work is to recommend that only from a multidimensional and integral approach is it possible to manage the border with a human approach whose proposal goes beyond a perspective focused solely on citizenship.El objetivo general de este artículo es identificar los cambios en las políticas de seguridad nacional por parte del Estado mexicano en la frontera de México con Guatemala en el período 2008-2019 como resultado de las transiciones de las políticas migratorias de Estados Unidos como respuesta a los problemas y retos de la última década. La propuesta del trabajo es recomendar que sólo a partir de un enfoque multidimensional e integral es posible gestionar la frontera sur de México con un enfoque humano cuya propuesta vaya más allá de una perspectiva enfocada únicamente en la ciudadanía

Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19

BackgroundWe previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15-20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in similar to 80% of cases.MethodsWe report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded.ResultsNo gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5-528.7, P=1.1x10(-4)) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR=3.70[95%CI 1.3-8.2], P=2.1x10(-4)). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR=19.65[95%CI 2.1-2635.4], P=3.4x10(-3)), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR=4.40[9%CI 2.3-8.4], P=7.7x10(-8)). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD]=43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P=1.68x10(-5)).ConclusionsRare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old

The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

International audienceSignificance There is growing evidence that preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are strong determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. It is important to estimate their quantitative impact on COVID-19 mortality upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, by age and sex, as both the prevalence of these autoantibodies and the risk of COVID-19 death increase with age and are higher in men. Using an unvaccinated sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 individuals from the general population, we found that autoantibodies against type I IFNs strongly increased the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate at all ages, in both men and women. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are strong and common predictors of life-threatening COVID-19. Testing for these autoantibodies should be considered in the general population

The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

International audienceSignificance There is growing evidence that preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are strong determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. It is important to estimate their quantitative impact on COVID-19 mortality upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, by age and sex, as both the prevalence of these autoantibodies and the risk of COVID-19 death increase with age and are higher in men. Using an unvaccinated sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 individuals from the general population, we found that autoantibodies against type I IFNs strongly increased the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate at all ages, in both men and women. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are strong and common predictors of life-threatening COVID-19. Testing for these autoantibodies should be considered in the general population

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit