Nanofiltration Membrane For Water Purification Pretreatment And Its Fouling Phenomena

In water treatment processes, membrane fouling is one of the main drawbacks of membrane technology. Membrane fouling causes flux declination and reduces the treated water quality. This study aims to evaluate the fouling behavior of nanofiltration membranes with respect to the pretreatment process and to determine the best practice of membrane cleaning process. The feed water was introduced as solution before and after 3.00 μm pre-filtration and also after combination of 3.00 and 0.45 μm pre-filtration. The bench scale cross flow filtration were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of water pretreatment processes. Water treatment was carried out by using commercially available nanofiltration membrane (NF90 and NF270) with and without polyaluminium chloride as coagulant dosage in feed water. It was found that NF270 is more fouling resistance compared to NF90 due to its hydrophilicity characteristic with contact angle of 7.15 and smoother membrane surface with membrane roughness of 18.78 nm. The fouling rate of NF90 with PAC dosage was reduced from 24% to 18% after 3.00 μm and 0.45 μm pre-filtration. However, without PAC lower fouling rate of 12% can be achieved. NF270 membrane process with or without PAC gave insignificant flux reduction. In overall, NF 90 membrane without PAC with combination of 3.00 and 0.45 μm pre-filtration gave better permeate water quality of 0.5 MΩ due to NF90’s tighter pore size. 0.5 Mol/L of NaOH was required to achieve cleaning efficiency of 76%. The water that is produced during filtration process complies with the standard and is suitable to be used as feed to reverse osmosis (RO) membrane

Kathleen Collins

A philosopher-filmmaker, Kathleen Collins decisively redefined the parameters of African American film with Losing Ground (1982). This book uses detailed analyses of Collins’s films to contextualise her work in the African American, feminist and world film traditions, and it highlights her contribution to each of these canons

Review: The increasing importance of carbon nanotubes and nanostructured conducting polymers in biosensors

The growing need for analytical devices requiring smaller sample volumes, decreased power consumption and improved performance have been driving forces behind the rapid growth in nanomaterials research. Due to their dimensions, nanostructured materials display unique properties not traditionally observed in bulk materials. Characteristics such as increased surface area along with enhanced electrical/optical properties make them suitable for numerous applications such as nanoelectronics, photovoltaics and chemical/biological sensing. In this review we examine the potential that exists to use nanostructured materials for biosensor devices. By incorporating nanomaterials, it is possible to achieve enhanced sensitivity, improved response time and smaller size. Here we report some of the success that has been achieved in this area. Many nanoparticle and nanofibre geometries are particularly relevant, but in this paper we specifically focus on organic nanostructures, reviewing conducting polymer nanostructures and carbon nanotubes

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Investigating the effect of magnetic force on the flow behavior of pipeline

Drag forces has been the main problem that occurs in pipeline and loss energy due to the water transmission along the pipeline.During the transmission of water in the pipeline,it needs high consumption of pumping power in the pipeline due to the fluids are flow in order of turbulent flow by against the fluid friction,which has been happened in the pipeline wall and results in drag forces of the pipeline.Consequently,the drag forces in the pipeline can be reduced by addition of drag reducing agent to improvise the fluid transmission in pipeline.The purpose of this research work is to study the effect of particle size and concentrations of suspended solid such as iron powder applied to magnetic force flow and ultimately investigate the flow behaviour in multi phase flow in the pipeline.In this study,the investigation is based on the role of ferromagnetic powder such as iron powder used as drag reduction agent to reduce the drag forces and less turbulent in the fluid transmission pipeline. In the experimental work,check the flow behaviour of pipeline when the iron powders add to the fluid transmissions with concentration of 100ppm, 300ppm and 500ppm and provided with and without magnetic force.Moreover,portable magnetic device has been used to apply magnetic force to the flow in the pipeline. The experimental procedures carried out in an experimental rig and obtain the pressure drop readings for drag reduction calculation.Iron powder particles are suitable and best method for drag reducing agent.In addition,smaller particle size at high concentration able to show the higher drag reduction compared to bigger particle size.The turbulence flow of the pipeline can be reduced by appliance of magnetic field and the high power of magnetic force able to reduce the drag reduction at higher Reynolds number.The average value of drag reduction for the pipe length of 1.5m was recorded for iron powder of particle size of 60µm is 25% and particle size of 120µm was achieved about 10% for concentration of 300ppm with the magnetic power of 720W

Locating Gender in Modernism: The Outsider Female

This book visits modernism within a comparative, gendered, and third-world framework, questioning current scholarly categorisations of modernism and reframing our conception of what constitutes modernist aesthetics. It describes the construction of modernist studies and argues that despite a range of interventions which suggest that philosophical and material articulations with the third world shaped modernism, an emphasis on modernist universals persists. Ramanathan argues that women and third-world authors have reshaped received notions of the modern and revised orthodox ideas on the modern aesthetic.https://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/casfaculty_books/1002/thumbnail.jp

Kathleen Collins

A philosopher-filmmaker, Kathleen Collins decisively redefined the parameters of African American film with Losing Ground (1982). This book uses detailed analyses of Collins’s films to contextualise her work in the African American, feminist and world film traditions, and it highlights her contribution to each of these canons

Modernity in Márquez and Feminism in Ousmane

In her article Modernity in Márquez and Feminism in Ousmane Geetha Ramanathan analyzes Gabriel García Márquez\u27s One Hundred Years of Solitude and Sembène Ousmane\u27s God\u27s Bits of Wood. Ramanthan argues that if Márquez presents the semblance of the signs of modernity as fantasy and delusion, Ousmane\u27s investment in the train as an instrument of the future in realist terms seems to challenge the modernist dictum that imperialism can be challenged only through modernist decenterings and through tricking and trumping. Yet, Ousmane\u27s refusal to engage in the hallucination of the modern in his novel offers us a version of modernity that includes women in an epic realism. The aesthetic mode here is adequate to narrating the modern space of women in history. Paradoxically, the narrative mode of One Hundred Years is celebrated as magical realism whether implicitly modern or more frequently post-modern, while Ousmane\u27s God\u27s Bits of Wood is relegated to the margins of realism despite its full-fledged participation in third world modernity