An Evolution of International Criminal Law Towards Gradual Codification

The International Criminal Law has played a pivotal role in keeping a check on any type of criminal activities taking place on the international level. This paper discusses the evolution with respect to the codification of International Criminal Law. It first looks into the meaning and concept of the law, along with the sources through which it is adopted and codified. It is then followed by the establishment of different institutions with respect to the international criminal law, analysis of the codification of the law, and conclusion and suggestions from the side of the author. Keywords: Codification, Convention, Criminal, Genocide, Tribunal

Ethnic minority enterprise: policy in practice.

Aims This project reviews recent research on ethnic minorities in business, focusing in particular on implications for policy. The more specific objectives were to: • Assess existing approaches towards supporting ethnic minority businesses • Identify examples of ‘good practice’ • Map out a research and policy agenda Methodology The methodology involved the following elements: • A review of studies of EMBs from academic sources and grey literature • Telephone interviews with 53 separate Business Links to examine the scope and dimensions of policies towards EMBs. • Where examples of ‘good practice’ policies were identified in these initial interviews, a second interview was conducted with the individual best positioned to describe the initiative. Fifteen such cases are presented in the report

The Magic of Wondering: Building Understanding Through Online Inquiry

The ability to ask questions is essential to learning, reasoning, and understanding. This column introduces a sequence of activities that incorporate the use of digital images and online texts into intentional opportunities for even the youngest learners to work with their teachers and classmates as they wonder, anticipate, explore, and think deeply about things that matter to them

The take up of business support by minority ethnic enterprises: the experience of South Asian businesses in England

This research contributes to a greater understanding of minority ethnic business (MEB) needs and practices and helps identify the support needs of minority ethnic firms in relation to existing support provision. The aims are, therefore, to examine the take-up of support by minority ethnic enterprises focusing mainly on the South Asian community with some representation from the African-Caribbean and Korean communities. Fifty minority ethnic businesses across South West London were contacted and semi-structured interviews took place with the owner/owner managers. The findings suggest that policy makers need to appreciate the diversity of MEBs and policies aimed at these businesses should reflect that diversity

Acute Lower Respiratory Infection in Childhood and Household Fuel Use in Bhaktapur, Nepal

Background: Globally, solid fuels are used by about 3 billion people for cooking. These fuels have been associated with many health effects, including acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. Nepal has a high prevalence of use of biomass for cooking and heating. Objective: This case–control study was conducted among a population in the Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal, to investigate the relationship of cookfuel type to ALRI in young children. Methods: Cases with ALRI and age-matched controls were enrolled from an open cohort of children 2–35 months old, under active monthly surveillance for ALRI. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on family characteristics, including household cooking and heating appliances and fuels. The main analysis was carried out using conditional logistic regression. Population-attributable fractions (PAF) for stove types were calculated. Results: A total of 917 children (452 cases and 465 controls) were recruited into the study. Relative to use of electricity for cooking, ALRI was increased in association with any use of biomass stoves [odds ratio (OR) = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.98], kerosene stoves (OR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.83), and gas stoves (OR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.50). Use of wood, kerosene, or coal heating was also associated with ALRI (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 0.97, 2.14), compared with no heating or electricity or gas heating. PAFs for ALRI were 18.0% (95% CI: 8.1, 26.9%) and 18.7% (95% CI: 8.4%–27.8%), for biomass and kerosene stoves, respectively. Conclusions: The study supports previous reports indicating that use of biomass as a household fuel is a risk factor for ALRI, and provides new evidence that use of kerosene for cooking may also be a risk factor for ALRI in young children

Socialization in Adults with Intellectual Disability: The Effects of Gender, Mental Illness, Setting Type, and Level of Intellectual Disability

Introduction The goal of this study was to examine socialization in adults with intellectual disability in relation to gender, level of intellectual disability, mental illness, and setting type. Methods The sample consisted of 120 participants (60 males and 60 females), aged between 20 and 56 years, divided into two groups: 1. participants with intellectual disability without the diagnosis of mental illness (ID only) and 2. participants with dual diagnosis (intellectual disability and mental illness). Socialization subscale from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale was used for the assessment of socialization. Results Level of intellectual disability and mental illness had significant effects on socialization scores. In addition to this, interaction effect of gender and level of intellectual disability had a significant effect on socialization. Setting type did not have a significant effect on socialization. Conclusion These results can be very useful in identifying participants with intellectual disability who might need additional individualized support programs in the area of socialization.This is the peer‐reviewed version of the article: Djordjevic, M.; Glumbić, N.; Memisevic, H. Socialization in Adults with Intellectual Disability: The Effects of Gender, Mental Illness, Setting Type, and Level of Intellectual Disability. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities 2020, 13 (4), 364–383. [https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2020.1815914

A unified approach to molecular epidemiology investigations: tools and patterns in California as a case study for endemic shigellosis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Shigellosis causes diarrheal disease in humans from both developed and developing countries, and multi-drug resistance is an emerging problem. The objective of this study is to present a unified approach that can be used to characterize endemic and outbreak patterns of shigellosis using use a suite of epidemiologic and molecular techniques. The approach is applied to a California case study example of endemic shigellosis at the population level.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Epidemiologic patterns were evaluated with respect to demographics, multi-drug resistance, antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid profiles, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) fingerprints for the 43 <it>Shigella </it>isolates obtained by the Monterey region health departments over the two year period from 2004-2005.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The traditional epidemiologic as well as molecular epidemiologic findings were consistent with endemic as compared to outbreak shigellosis in this population. A steady low level of cases was observed throughout the study period and high diversity was observed among strains. In contrast to most studies in developed countries, the predominant species was <it>Shigella flexneri </it>(51%) followed closely by <it>S. sonnei </it>(49%). Over 95% of <it>Shigella </it>isolates were fully resistant to three or more antimicrobial drug subclasses, and 38% of isolates were resistant to five or more subclasses. More than half of <it>Shigella </it>strains tested carried the <it>tetB</it>, <it>catA</it>, or <it>bla</it>_TEMgenes for antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study shows how epidemiologic patterns at the host and bacterial population levels can be used to investigate endemic as compared to outbreak patterns of shigellosis in a community. Information gathered as part of such investigations will be instrumental in identifying emerging antimicrobial resistance, for developing treatment guidelines appropriate for that community, and to provide baseline data with which to compare outbreak strains in the future.</p