An Entropy Stable Nodal Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the resistive MHD Equations. Part II: Subcell Finite Volume Shock Capturing

The second paper of this series presents two robust entropy stable shock-capturing methods for discontinuous Galerkin spectral element(DGSEM)discretizations of the compressible magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) equations. Specifically, we use the resistive GLM-MHD equations, which include a divergence cleaning mechanism that is based on a generalized Lagrange multiplier (GLM). For the continuous entropy analysis to hold, and due to the divergence-free constraint on the magnetic field, the GLM-MHD system requires the use of non-conservative terms, which need special treatment. Hennemann et al. ["A provably entropy stable subcell shock capturing approach for high order split form DG for the compressible Euler equations". JCP, 2020] recently presented an entropy stable shock-capturing strategy for DGSEM discretizations of the Euler equations that blends the DGSEM scheme with a subcell first-order finite volume (FV) method. Our first contribution is the extension of the method of Hennemann et al. to systems with non-conservative terms, such as the GLM-MHD equations. In our approach, the advective and non-conservative terms of the equations are discretized with a hybrid FV/DGSEM scheme, whereas the visco-resistive terms are discretized only with the high-order DGSEM method. We prove that the extended method is entropy stable on three-dimensional unstructured curvilinear meshes. Our second contribution is the derivation and analysis of a second entropy stable shock-capturing method that provides enhanced resolution by using a subcell reconstruction procedure that is carefully built to ensure entropy stability. We provide a numerical verification of the properties of the hybrid FV/DGSEM schemes on curvilinear meshes and show their robustness and accuracy with common benchmark cases, such as the Orszag-Tang vortex and the GEM (Geospace Environmental Modeling) reconnection challenge. Finally, we simulate a space physics application: the interaction of Jupiter's magnetic field with the plasma torus generated by the moon Io

Mapping the electronic structure of polypyrrole with image-based electrochemical scanning tunneling spectroscopy

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The support of this research by FAPESP (grants: 2013/07296-2, 2014/50249-8, 2015/12851-0, 2017/11986-5), Shell, CsF-PVE (99999.007708/2015-07), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 and CNPq is gratefully acknowledged.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Geographic factors associated with poorer outcomes in patients diagnosed with covid-19 in primary health care

Background: The prognosis of older age COVID-19 patients with comorbidities is associated with a more severe course and higher fatality rates but no analysis has yet included factors related to the geographical area/municipality in which the affected patients live, so the objective of this study was to analyse the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 in terms of sex, age, comorbidi-ties, and geographic variables. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 6286 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 was analysed, considering demographic data, previous comorbidities and geographic variables. The main study variables were hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death due to worsening symptoms; and the secondary variables were sex, age, comorbidities and geographic variables (size of the area of residence, distance to the hospital and the driving time to the hospital). A comparison analysis and a multivariate Cox model were performed. Results: The multivariate Cox model showed that women had a better prognosis in any type of analysed prog-nosis. Most of the comorbidities studied were related to a poorer prognosis except for dementia, which is related to lower admissions and higher mortality. Suburban areas were associated with greater mortality and with less hospital or ICU admission. Distance to the hospital was also associated with hospital admission. Conclusions: Factors such as type of municipality and distance to hospital act as social health determinants. This fact must be taken account in order to stablish specifics prevention measures and treatment protocols

Morphology and characterisation of the relict facies on the internal continental shelf in the Gulf of Cadiz, between Ayamonte and Huelva (southern Iberian Peninsula)

The objectives of the present paper are the determination of the morphologic characteristics of the superficial Quaternary relict facies on the internal continental shelf in the Gulf of Cadiz, between Ayamonte and Huelva (southern Spain), their characterisation, and their evolution in the final phases of the last eustatic hemicycle. The study area extends from the mouth of the Guadiana River to the mouth of the Tinto-Odiel River, and from the 6 m isobath to the 56 m isobath. High-resolution seismic profiles (3.5 kHz and Geopulse, 175 J), sonographic profiles (SSS, 100 kHz), and bathymetric profiles (Echotrac sounder) were used in this study. Sediment samples were obtained using Van Veen and Shipek drags. Bathymetric, physiographic, lithologic and morphologic analyses were performed to determine the superficial sediment distribution, relict facies distribution, and thickness of the unconsolidated sediment cover. Analysis of the data obtained indicated that the relict facies beaches and coastal barriers associated with coastal spits located in the ancient outlets of the rivers. Relict facies were grouped into well-differentiated depths, indicating that their position on the continental shelf is influenced by the still-stands and the periods of rapid sea-level changes. The nature of the outcropping relict facies shows that their final configuration can be related to the shelf construction processes, as well as to the most important Holocene transgressive phases.Los objetivos de este trabajo son la determinación de las características morfológicas, la caracterización de las facies relictas cuaternarias superficiales y el estudio de su evolución con relación a las fases finales del último hemiciclo eustático en la plataforma continental interna del golfo de Cádiz, entre Ayamonte y Huelva. El área de estudio abarca desde la desembocadura del río Guadiana hasta la del río Tinto-Odiel y desde los 6 m hasta 56 m de profundidad. Se utilizó gran cantidad de material geofísico, en el que se encuentran perfiles sísmicos de alta resolución (3.5 kHz y Geopulse, 175 J), perfiles sonográficos y perfiles batimétricos, además de muestras de sedimentos obtenidas con dragas Van Veen y Shipek. Con esta información se han realizado análisis batimétricos, fisiográficos, litológicos y morfológicos, además de determinar la distribución de los sedimentos superficiales y de las facies relictas y de cuantificar la potencia de la cobertera sedimentaria. Con todos los datos obtenidos se ha determinado que las facies relictas son interpretadas como playas y cordones litorales asociados a flechas litorales situadas en las antiguas desembocaduras de los ríos. Las formas descritas están agrupadas en zonaciones batimétricas bien diferenciadas, lo que indica que su posición en la plataforma continental está influida por las paradas y etapas de movimiento rápido del nivel del mar. Las características de las facies relictas aflorantes indican que su configuración final puede estar relacionada con los procesos de edificación de la plataforma a partir de las mayores fases transgresivas holocenas.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Prognostic Factors in Patients with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Background: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a disease with a high mortality rate, caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a bacteria transmitted to humans by infected ticks. In 2008 there was a Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) outbreak in the city of Mexicali, México, resulting in an increased mortality rate amongst the area population. Methods: Case-series study of patients admitted to the General Hospital of Mexicali between 2014 and 2019 with a confirmed diagnosis of RMSF. Mortality was compared dividing the population on those ?20 and younger than ?21 years of age. Results: A total of 129 patients’ records during a 5-year period whose diagnosis was RMSF confirmed with PCR were included. Mortality was compared among patients admitted who were younger than ?20 years of age with that among patients who were older than ?20 years of age (61 versus 68 respectively), the latter being higher with an OR 4.2 (p<0.0001). Conclusion: RMSF in hospitalized patients has a high mortality rate in spite of early treatment in all age groups, without showing any predominance in gender. However, patients older than 20 years of age had a higher mortality rate than those younger than 20 years, without any predominance in gender

Modernidad literaria y éxito de venta de las obras narrativas huanuqueñas (1985 – 2007)

Literary modernity and success of selling of Huanuqueñas narrative works (1985 - 2007) is a work that argues the success of selling, of the narrative production of the huanuqueños writers Andres Cloud C., Samuel Cárdich A. and Mario Malpartida B. basically, is based on incorporating of modern esthetic and technical resources. This asseveration is corroborated by the constant re-editions of books, such as: Under the shadow of the lemon tree, Bad times, Three histories of love, The old evil of the melancholy, Rolled stories, among others.Modernidad literaria y éxito de venta de las obras narrativas huanuqueñas (1985 - 2007) es un trabajo que sostiene que el éxito de venta de la producción narrativa de los escritores huanuqueños Andrés Cloud C., Samuel Cárdich A. y Mario Malpartida B. Básicamente, se funda en la incorporación escrituraria de recursos estéticos y técnicos modernos. Esta aseveración se corrobora por las constantes reediciones de sus libros, tales como: Bajo la sombra del limonero, Malos tiempos, Tres historias de amor, El viejo mal de la melancolía, Cuentos rodados, entre otros

Automatic ROI Selection in Structural Brain MRI Using SOM 3D Projection

This paper presents a method for selecting Regions of Interest (ROI) in brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for diagnostic purposes, using statistical learning and vector quantization techniques. The proposed method models the distribution of GM and WM tissues grouping the voxels belonging to each tissue in ROIs associated to a specific neurological disorder. Tissue distribution of normal and abnormal images is modelled by a Self-Organizing map (SOM), generating a set of representative prototypes, and the receptive field (RF) of each SOM prototype defines a ROI. Moreover, the proposed method computes the relative importance of each ROI by means of its discriminative power. The devised method has been assessed using 818 images from the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) which were previously segmented through Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). The proposed algorithm was used over these images to parcel ROIs associated to the Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Additionally, this method can be used to extract a reduced set of discriminative features for classification, since it compresses discriminative information contained in the brain. Voxels marked by ROIs which were computed using the proposed method, yield classification results up to 90% of accuracy for controls (CN) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and 84% of accuracy for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD patients.This work was partly supported by the MICINN under the TEC2012-34306 project and the Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa (Junta de Andalucía, Spain) under the Excellence Projects P09-TIC-4530 and P11-TIC-7103. Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen Idec Inc.; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; GE Healthcare; Innogenetics, N.V.; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Medpace, Inc.; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRxResearch; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Synarc Inc.; and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study at the University of California, San Diego. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California

Bacteria-instructed B cells cross-prime naïve CD8+ T cells triggering effective cytotoxic responses.

In addition to triggering humoral responses, conventional B cells have been described in vitro to cross-present exogenous antigens activating naïve CD8+ T cells. Nevertheless, the way B cells capture these exogenous antigens and the physiological roles of B cell-mediated cross-presentation remain poorly explored. Here, we show that B cells capture bacteria by trans-phagocytosis from previously infected dendritic cells (DC) when they are in close contact. Bacterial encounter "instructs" the B cells to acquire antigen cross-presentation abilities, in a process that involves autophagy. Bacteria-instructed B cells, henceforth referred to as BacB cells, rapidly degrade phagocytosed bacteria, process bacterial antigens and cross-prime naïve CD8+ T cells which differentiate into specific cytotoxic cells that efficiently control bacterial infections. Moreover, a proof-of-concept experiment shows that BacB cells that have captured bacteria expressing tumor antigens could be useful as novel cellular immunotherapies against cancer.We are grateful to advanced light microscopy and cytometry facilities of CNB for technical supporting. The research is supported by grants: SAF2017-84091- R, and PID2020-116393RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, financed by MCIN, BFERO2020.04, financed by FERO foundation and PI20/0036 from ISCIII. RGF is supported by BES-2016-076526 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy Industry and Competitiveness, JOP is supported by fellowship LCF/BQ/SO16/ 52270012 from La Caixa, BHF is supported by FPU18/00895 and AMP by FPU18/03199 from Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. LdC has been supported by Juan de la Cierva grant IJC2018-035386-I and a contract associated to SEV-2017-0712. EVC, AMP, AMAM, and NMM belong to the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)’s Cancer Hub. Synopsis image made with biorender.com by Eduardo Roman Camacho and Esteban Veiga. We thanks Prof. Dan Portnoy who kindly provided bacterial strains.S

Derivation and external validation of the SIMPLICITY score as a simple immune-based risk score to predict infection in kidney transplant recipients

Existing approaches for infection risk stratification in kidney transplant recipients are suboptimal. Here, we aimed to develop and validate a weighted score integrating non-pathogen-specific immune parameters and clinical variables to predict the occurrence of post-transplant infectious complications. To this end, we retrospectively analyzed a single-center derivation cohort of 410 patients undergoing kidney transplantation in 2008-2013 in Madrid. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, serum immunoglobulin and complement levels were measured at one-month post-transplant. The primary and secondary outcomes were overall and bacterial infection through month six. A point score was derived from a logistic regression model and prospectively applied on a validation cohort of 522 patients undergoing kidney transplantation at 16 centers throughout Spain in 2014-2015. The SIMPLICITY score consisted of the following variables measured at month one after transplantation: C3 level, CD4+ T-cell count, CD8+ T-cell count, IgG level, glomerular filtration rate, recipient age, and infection within the first month. The discrimination capacity in the derivation and validation cohorts was good for overall (areas under the receiver operating curve of 0.774 and 0.730) and bacterial infection (0.767 and 0.734, respectively). The cumulative incidence of overall infection significantly increased across risk categories in the derivation (low-risk 13.7%; intermediate-risk, 35.9%; high-risk 77.6%) and validation datasets (10.2%, 28.9% and 50.4%, respectively). Thus, the SIMPLICITY score, based on easily available immune parameters, allows for stratification of kidney transplant recipients at month one according to their expected risk of subsequent infection

Tunable dual-wavelength operation of an all- fiber thulium-doped fiber laser based on tunable fiber Bragg gratings

Tunable dual-wavelength emission of a Tm-doped fiber laser based on two fiber Bragg gratings(FBGs) is experimentally demonstrated. By using two FBGs with central wavelengths at 2069.30 and 2069.44 nm, stable dual-wavelength laser generation in the 2 μm wavelength region is achieved by adjusting the differential loss of the two wavelengths in the laser cavity. Strain applied on the FBG allows independent tuning of the simultaneously generated wavelengths with separation between the laser lines in a range from 0.54 to 9 nm. The laser has output power fluctuations less than 0.093% for an output power of 77.3 mW