Mittekommutatiivse Galois laiendi lähenemine ternaarsele Grassmanni algebrale ja gradueeritud q-diferentsiaalalgebrale

Antud väitekirjas kasutatakse koordinaatdiferentsiaalarvutuse meetodit mittekommutatiivse diferentsiaalarvutuse konstrueerimiseks ja uurimiseks Grassmanni algebra, ternaarse Grassmanni algebra ja mittekommutatiivse ruumi korral. Mittekommutatiivse diferentsiaalarvutuse tähtsaks komponendiks on homomorfism algebrast maatriksite algebrasse. Käesolevas väitekirjas on leitud võrrandid ülalpool mainitud homomorfismi jaoks, mis tulenevad algebra kommutatsiooniseostest. Neid võrrandeid on uuritud ja lahendatud teise astme kommutatsiooniseoste korral. Saadud tulemused on rakendatud mittekommutatiivse diferentsiaalarvutuse uurimiseks Grassmanni algebra, ternaarse Grassmanni algebra ja mittekommutatiivse ruumi korral. Käesolevas väitekirjas uuritakse mittekommutatiivset Galois’ laiendit. Väitekirjas näidatakse seost mittekommutatiivse Galois laiendi ja gradueeritud q-diferentsiaalalgebrate vahel, kus q on N-järku algjuur ühest. Antud väitekirjas on tõestatud, et iga poolkommutatiivne Galois laiend on gradueeritud q-diferentsiaalalgebra. On uuritud selle algebra esimest järku ja kõrgemat järku diferentsiaalarvutus.In the present thesis a method of coordinate differential calculus is used to construct and study a noncommutative differential calculus in the case of Grassmann algebra, ternary Grassmann algebra and noncommutative space. An important component of a noncommutative differential calculus is a homomorphism from an algebra to the algebra of matrices over this algebra. In the present thesis we find the equations for the entries of the matrix of a homomorphism which are derived by means of differentiating the commutation relations of algebra. These equations are solved in the case of quadratic commutation relations and solutions are applied to Grassmann algebra, ternary Grassmann algebra and quantum space to construct a noncommutative differential calculus. In the present thesis we propose a noncommutative Galois extension approach to graded q-differential algebra. It is proved that semi-commutative Galois extension is a graded q-differential algebra. We apply the structure of graded q-differential algebra to construct and study a noncommutative differential calculus over a noncommutative Galois extension

Organ-specific accumulation of toxic elements in Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) from Bangladesh and human health risk assessment

Purpose: We aimed to determine the amount of some toxic elements in three organs of Hilsa shad, focusing on the possible exposure to human health through Hilsa consumption. This study was designed to determine the concentration of seven toxic trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in three distinct organs (n = 21) (muscle, liver, and gills) of Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) fish collected from the Bangladeshi coastal area. The samples were digested following a microwave digestion. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was used as analytical instrument. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) and target cancer risk (TR) were used to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk.Results: The mean concentrations (mg/kg-wet weight) of toxic elements in different organs of T. ilisha were determined as follows: in muscle, As (4.05), Cd (0.09), Cr (0.12), Cu (0.77), Ni (0.26), Pb (0.20), and Zn (10.64); in liver, As (2.83), Cd (0.84), Cr (0.18), Cu (6.17), Ni (0.55), Pb (0.23), and Zn (30.16) and in gills, As (3.45), Cd (0.05), Cr (0.08), Cu (1.06), Ni (0.51), Pb (0.78), and Zn (35.21). The liver showed higher concentrations of most elements than that of muscle except for As. Concentration of As, Cd, and Pb in the fish were found above the food safety guidelines, while other trace element concentrations were below the permissible range for human consumption. According to EDI and TR values, there were carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from exposure to total As concentration from Hilsa fish consumption.Conclusion: This study suggests that the toxic trace elements contamination levels in Hilsa fish from Bangladesh’s coastal area need to be monitored on a systematic and regular basis to ensure the safety of this food item for human consumption

Development of Method for Quantitative Determination of Water Arsenic by Field Test Kit

Drinking of arsenic (As) contaminated ground water is threatening the health of millions of peoples of Bangladesh. The screening of tube wells (TWs) water for As in Bangladesh and elsewhere in the world is done by As testing kits. The results of water-As by these kits are semi-quantitative and personal error is high. An attempt has been undertaken for quantitative determination of water-As by MITech arsenic test kit by applying quantitative image analysis method from the digital picture of the colored test paper of the kit. In the quantitative image analysis method, the color of the test paper is numerically determined by color difference between the test water samples with the standard color chart which is calculated from Lab (lightness (L), color opponent green-red (a), and color opponent blue-yellow (b)) values. TWs water-As concentrations in Bashailbogh village, Munshiganj, Bangladesh were determined by using MITech arsenic field test kit by conventional method, quantitative image analysis method and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) method. The water-As by the quantitative image method gave quite close results (R2 = 0.998) to those obtained with ICP-MS method at concentration up to 50 µg As L-1. The water-As concentration more than 50 µg As L-1 by this method was underestimated. Hence, the developed method may be used for quantitative analysis of water-As in the range of 050 µg As L-1 for water-As screening program. [Fundam Appl Agric 2018; 3(1.000): 340-346

Spatiotemporal distribution and pollution assessment of trace metals in the Buriganga River, Bangladesh

The Buriganga River plays a key role in the socioeconomic structure of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. However, this river is severely polluted and is considered one of the most polluted in the world. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the concentrations of various metals in the Buriganga River. A study was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020 to determine the concentrations of 16 metals in water samples (n = 210) collected from 10 distinct sites in the Buriganga River. The mean values for the concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, and Pb in river water were above the guideline values prescribed by the WHO, Japan, and Bangladesh. Moreover, the fraction ratios of Be, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, and Pb were high (>0.85); consequently, these metals could accumulate at high concentrations in river sediments. Assessment using the single-factor pollution index allowed the classification of the pollution level as ‘serious pollution’ for Sb and ‘heavy pollution’ for Cd, Ni, and Pb. The trace metal concentrations in this river imply that crops cultivated along the river using river water may also be contaminated with trace metals. HIGHLIGHTS The highest concentrations of Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, and Pb were above the guideline values.; High fraction ratio values of Be, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, and Pb indicated that these metals were distributed on suspended solids.; A single-factor pollution index showed that the Buriganga River was heavily polluted by Sb, Cd, Ni, and Pb.; Mn showed relatively high concentrations in the dry season.

Car indoor air pollution by volatile organic compounds and aldehydes in Japan

Fifty-five organic substances including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aldehydes present in indoor air were measured from 24 car cabins in Japan. A screening-level risk assessment was also performed. Acetaldehyde (3.81–36.0 μg/m3), formaldehyde (3.26–26.7 μg/m3), n-tetradecane (below the method quantification limit (<MQL) to 47.7 μg/m3), toluene (4.23–78.3 μg/m3), and n-undecane (<MQL to 6.24 μg/m3) concentrations exceeded method detection limits in all the investigated car cabins. Ratios between indoor and outdoor concentrations revealed that most organic compounds originated from the car interior materials. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations in 14 car cabins (58% of all car cabins) exceeded the advisable values established by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (400 μg/m3). The highest TVOC concentration (1136 μg/m3) was found in a new car (only one month since its purchase date). Nevertheless, TVOC concentrations exceeded the advisable value even for cars purchased over 10 years ago. Hazard quotients (HQs) for formaldehyde obtained using measured median and highest concentrations in both exposure scenarios for occupational use (residential time in a car cabin was assumed to be 8 h) were higher than that expected, a threshold indicative of potential adverse effects. Under the same exposure scenarios, HQ values for all other organic compounds remained below this threshold