Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Breast cancer management pathways during the COVID-19 pandemic: outcomes from the UK ‘Alert Level 4’ phase of the B-MaP-C study

Abstract: Background: The B-MaP-C study aimed to determine alterations to breast cancer (BC) management during the peak transmission period of the UK COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of these treatment decisions. Methods: This was a national cohort study of patients with early BC undergoing multidisciplinary team (MDT)-guided treatment recommendations during the pandemic, designated ‘standard’ or ‘COVID-altered’, in the preoperative, operative and post-operative setting. Findings: Of 3776 patients (from 64 UK units) in the study, 2246 (59%) had ‘COVID-altered’ management. ‘Bridging’ endocrine therapy was used (n = 951) where theatre capacity was reduced. There was increasing access to COVID-19 low-risk theatres during the study period (59%). In line with national guidance, immediate breast reconstruction was avoided (n = 299). Where adjuvant chemotherapy was omitted (n = 81), the median benefit was only 3% (IQR 2–9%) using ‘NHS Predict’. There was the rapid adoption of new evidence-based hypofractionated radiotherapy (n = 781, from 46 units). Only 14 patients (1%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during their treatment journey. Conclusions: The majority of ‘COVID-altered’ management decisions were largely in line with pre-COVID evidence-based guidelines, implying that breast cancer survival outcomes are unlikely to be negatively impacted by the pandemic. However, in this study, the potential impact of delays to BC presentation or diagnosis remains unknown

Psitrum: An Open Source Simulator for Universal Quantum Computers

Quantum computing is a radical new paradigm for a technology that is capable to revolutionize information processing. Simulators of universal quantum computer are important for understanding the basic principles and operations of the current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors, and for building in future fault-tolerant quantum computers. In this work, we present simulation of universal quantum computers by introducing Psitrum -- a universal gate-model quantum computer simulator implemented on classical hardware. The simulator allows to emulate and debug quantum algorithms in form of quantum circuits for many applications with the choice of adding variety of noise modules to simulate decoherence in quantum circuits. Psitrum allows to simulate all basic quantum operations and provides variety of visualization tools. The simulator allows to trace out all possible quantum states at each stage M of an N-qubit implemented quantum circuit. Psitrum software and source codes are freely available at: https://github.com/MoGhadeer/PsitrumComment: 27 pages, 11 figures, 2 table

Need for Staging Investigations in Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer: Establishing Local Guidelines for Radiological Staging in Bahrain

Objective: Staging workup and detection of distant metastases is important in newly diagnosed breast cancer in order to make treatment decisions and establish the prognosis. There is wide variation in current recommendations for staging investigations in breast cancer. Routine staging is performed for all patients in Bahrain because of lack of consistent guidelines. Optimization of the criteria for staging is important for identification of metastases, while minimizing harm and costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with distant metastases in newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer, in order to establish local guidelines for proper selection of patients for systemic staging. Materials and Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer at Salmaniya Medical Complex in Bahrain who underwent staging investigations between January 2016 and December 2022 were identified from a pathology database. Patients with previous history of cancer, synchronous tumors, bilateral breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ were excluded. Clinical, radiological and pathological data were retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 593 patients underwent staging computed tomography and bone scans or a PET scan. Distant metastases were identified in 20.7% of cases. M1 disease was significantly associated with multifocality/multicentricity, high grade tumors, hormone receptor-negative cancers, high Ki67 index, advanced tumor stage, node-positive disease, triple-negative breast cancer, use of PET scans and those who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Age was not associated with identification of distant metastases. Conclusion: The prevalence of distant metastases in this population of newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer was higher than previously reported. Routine staging of all patients at presentation was not indicated, especially for asymptomatic patients with early breast cancer. This study identified certain groups of patients with a higher risk of distant metastasis, in whom metastatic workup should be performed. These findings may allow for the development of a local guideline that addresses the question of which breast cancer patients need staging investigations for distant metastases

Donor-derived ehrlichiosis: two clusters following solid organ transplantation

Ehrlichiosis has been infrequently described as transmissible through organ transplantation. Two donor derived clusters of ehrlichiosis are described here. During the summer of 2020, two cases of ehrlichiosis were reported to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for investigation. Additional transplant centers were contacted to investigate similar illness in other recipients and samples were sent to CDC. Two kidney recipients from a common donor developed fatal ehrlichiosis-induced hemophagocytic lymphocytic histiocytosis (HLH). Two kidney recipients and a liver recipient from another common donor developed ehrlichiosis. All three were successfully treated. Clinicians should consider donor-derived ehrlichiosis when evaluating recipients with fever early after transplantation after more common causes are ruled out, especially if the donor has epidemiological risk factors for infection. Suspected cases should be reported to the organ procurement organization (OPO) and the OPTN for further investigation by public health authorities

Advancements in radiographic imaging techniques for early cancer detection

The present review articles are focused much on the changes which have taken place in the imaging methodologies, especially with regard to computed tomographic (CT) imaging in relation to the early diagnosis of cancer. The background information on modern medical imaging is provided in the article, starting with naked eye inspection and its progressive changes into X rays, fluoroscopy, CT scans and beyond. The article gives the basic working principles and the uses of CT scan in great detail especially in finding and following up different types of cancer. The advanced imaging techniques such as high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and micro computed tomography (μCT) have also been covered in the paper where their use in studying bone structures and other preclinical studies that involve high resolution imaging has been highlighted. The role of these techniques in the early diagnosis and management of various conditions including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and disorders of the nervous system has been examined. Nonetheless, the risks of CT scanning are also noted in this review; particularly, the frequency of exposure to the CT scans of patients and the effect that may have after a long period of time.&nbsp