DISKURSUS PERIZINAN EKSPANSI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT: STUDI KASUS KABUPATEN KUTAI KARTANEGARA

. Indonesia merupakan salah satu penyuplai utama minyak kelapa sawit dunia, hal tersebut berkonsekuensi pada ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit Indonesia yang terus menerus terjadi. Hal tersebut diantaranya ditunjukkan di Kab. Kutai Kartanegara, Prov. Kalimantan Timur, wilayah ini merupakan salah satu wilayah dengan laju perkembangan industri kelapa sawit yang masif di Indonesia. Alih fungsi lahan untuk perkebunan bahkan sudah dilakukan sejak masa transisi dari industri kayu pada Tahun 1990-an. Sehingga, penelitian ini diharapkan mampu untuk: (1) Mengetahui diskursus kemunculan kebijakan ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit; (2) Menganalisis dinamika proses perizinan dalam ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif, dengan sumber data primer dari wawancara mendalam terhadap berbagai informan di tingkat kabupaten sampai dengan desa, observasi serta studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa makna perizinan selalu melekat dengan kepentingan ekspansif dan korporasi, yang berasal konsekuensi pembangunan dan “modernisasi” pada era Orde Baru. Hal tersebut juga berdampak pada pemaknaan sumber daya alam sebagai sebatas komoditas, yang ditunjukkan dengan kemunculan retakan “extralegal” dan “ilegal” dalam perizinan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Retakan dalam proses perizinan tersebut tidak hanya memunculkan eksploitasi terhadap celah dalam peraturan perundangan, melainkan juga sebagai ruang yang terus mereproduksi budaya pragmatis dan tendensius dalam perizinan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini pada akhirnya ingin menunjukkan bahwa ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit yang terjadi pada saat ini merupakan konsekuensi dari kepentingan politik yang terbangun sejak era sebelumnya, dan menunjukkan bagaimana diskursus pembangunan orde baru masih terpelihara dalam konteks kebijakan ekspansif dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya alam

Re-Design Air Pre-Heater Tipe Rotating Regenerative Menjadi Tipe Concentric Counterflow Pada Boiler Di Pjb-Gresik

PLTU unit 3 PJB-Gresik saat ini menggunakan air prehater tipe rotating regenerative untuk mendukung produktifitas boiler. Penggunaan dari air preheating ini menimbulkan permasalahan baru. Akhir-akhir ini banyak ditemukan permasalahan yang terjadi pada boiler disebabkan oleh kurang maksimalnya komponen air preheater tipe rotating regenerative. Permasalahan yang terjadi dalam tipe air preheater sebelumnya yaitu, terjadi pada air preheater unit 3 yang mengalami kebocoran yang disebabkan oleh bearing dan seal pada lube oil cooler dari mesin bantu unit 3. Hipotesa kedua yaitu terjadi kebocoran flue gas pada air preheater. Sehingga, dengan adanya permasalahan ini, penulis mencoba untuk melakukan desain ulang dengan tipe concentric counterflow yang sesuai dengan perhitungan. Perhitungan dengan mencari dimensi dari air preheater baru tipe concentric counterflow dengan menggunakan metode LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference) dengan aliran berlawanan arah yang berbentuk silinder. Diperoleh dimensi dari air preheater sebesar 8 meter dengan diameter dari cold pipe sebesar 4 meter, dan hot pipe sebesar 1.5 meter. Setelah itu dilakukan pemodelan 3D dengan software yang disesuaikan dengan model pemrograman heat transfer. Pembahasan selanjutnya yaitu dengan komparasi perhitungan manual. Didapatkan overdesign terhadap perhitungan manual sebesar 6.65% =============================================================================================== PLTU unit 3 PJB Gresik is currently using air preheater rotating regenerative type to support the productivity of the boiler. The use of air preheating raises new problems. Lately, many found problems that occurred in the boiler caused by insufficient maximum component type rotating regenerative air preheaters. Most problems are caused by the supporting components of boiler that are connected to the air preheater itself. The previous problem was the leakage on air preheater unit 3 caused by the bearing and seal of lube oil cooler of supporting machine unit 3. The second hypothesis was the leakage on flue gas of air preheater. The aforementioned problems became the writer’s departure points of concern to redesign the current type of air preheater into calculated concentric counterflow type. The LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference) method with cylindrical counter-flow was employed to calculate dimension of new concentric counterflow air preheater. Air preheater with 8 meter diameter, with 4 meter diameter of cold pipe and 1.5 meter diameter of hot pipe were obtained from the calculation. Afterward, 3D modelling was conducted using adjusted software for heat transfer modelling program. The process was later followed by comparison of manual calculation. The overdesign toward manual calculation of 6.65% was obtained as the result of this stud

Actor Ideology and Public Perception of Sand Mining Impacts on Rural Galunggung Mountain

Pasca erupsi, kawasan Gunung Galunggung merupakan salah satu kawasan yang menjadi arena besar pertarungan kepentingan antara pemerintah, masyarakat dan swasta. Objek pasir yang berlimpah menjadikan pertambangan skala besar hadir dan berimplikasi secara esensial terhadap kehidupan masyarakat lokal yang tidak hanya berada dekat dengan kawasan pertambangan, namun juga berada jauh dengan lokasi pertambangan. Terlebih diketahui bahwa ideologi masyarakat yang menekankan pada kesejahteraan dan populisme, berbanding terbalik dengan ideologi swasta dan pemerintah yang menekankan pada profit dan pembangunan. Dampak negatif dan positif aktivitas pertambangan mulai secara nyata dirasakan oleh masyarakat, diantaranya seperti degradasi kualitas air, tingkat pendapatan atau konflik yang secara krusial merepresentasikan respons masyarakat terhadap keberadaan Perusahaan pertambangan pasir yang telah hampir tiga puluh tahun mengeruk kawasan ini. Kata kunci: Analisis aktor, analisis dampak, pemanfaatan sumber daya alam, persepsi masyarakat, pertambangan pasi

Actor Ideology and Public Perception of Sand Mining Impacts on Rural Galunggung Mountain

Pasca erupsi, kawasan Gunung Galunggung  merupakan  salah satu kawasan yang  menjadi arena  besar pertarungan kepentingan antara pemerintah, masyarakat dan swasta. Objek pasir yang berlimpah menjadikan pertambangan skala besar hadir dan berimplikasi secara esensial terhadap kehidupan masyarakat lokal yang tidak  hanya  berada  dekat  dengan  kawasan  pertambangan,  namun  juga  berada  jauh  dengan  lokasi pertambangan. Terlebih diketahui bahwa ideologi masyarakat yang menekankan pada kesejahteraan dan populisme, berbanding terbalik dengan ideologi swasta dan pemerintah yang menekankan pada profit dan pembangunan.  Dampak  negatif  dan  positif  aktivitas  pertambangan  mulai  secara  nyata  dirasakan  oleh masyarakat, diantaranya seperti degradasi kualitas air, tingkat pendapatan atau konflik yang secara krusial merepresentasikan  respons  masyarakat  terhadap  keberadaan perusahaan pertambangan  pasir  yang  telah hampir tiga puluh tahun mengeruk kawasan ini.  Kata  kunci:  Analisis  aktor,  analisis  dampak, pemanfaatan  sumber  daya  alam,  persepsi  masyarakat, pertambangan pasi

The Agrarian, Structural and Cultural Constraints of Smallholders’ Readiness for Sustainability Standards Implementation: The Case of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil in East Kalimantan

The expansion of oil palm plantation has caused adverse impacts on the ecosystem. It has been associated with deforestation, biodiversity loss, disturbances to environmental services and livelihood change. The government of Indonesia has made an effort to control the negative effects by issuing relevant policies. One of the policies is Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO)’s sustainability standards to which large-scale plantations and smallholders are obliged to adhere. This study assesses the readiness of two types of smallholders, namely, the nucleus–plasma scheme and independent smallholders to adopt ISPO standards. Using a case study research approach in two oil palm plantation villages in East Kalimantan, the study found out a number of ISPO implementation challenges, grouped into structural and socio-cultural challenges, which make smallholders less ready to adhere to this mandatory policy. Coping with these challenges, this study proposed that land and business legality programs be expedited to strengthen property rights, and that training and education programs be intensified to enhance awareness, knowledge and capacity of smallholders to enable them to comply with sustainability standards

What evidence exists on the impact of sustainability initiatives on smallholder engagement in sustainable palm oil practices in Southeast Asia : a systematic map protocol

Background: Smallholding plantations represent approximately 40% of the total palm oil plantation area globally. For any certifications, standards, and other instruments to achieve more ethical and sustainable palm oil supply chains, it is essential to improve smallholder engagement in the schemes. A large body of research has built up our understanding of the challenges of engaging smallholders in sustainability initiatives in various sites and countries. A broad systematic understanding of how different types of sustainability initiatives can support or restrict smallholders from access to market and different resources and under which economic and social conditions are not yet developed. This systematic map aims to identify, map, and describe the body of evidence that exists on the positive and negative impacts of sustainability initiatives on smallholder engagement in palm oil practices in Southeast Asia. The findings are expected to inform policies and practices on smallholder engagement in sustainable palm oil supply chains and identify evidence gaps where future primary studies and evidence syntheses can contribute. Methods: We will develop a guiding framework of interventions through other works on supply chain instruments. We will then construct a test library of 39 items through field expert consultations and snowballing using literature search algorithms. The search will cover four publication databases, five bibliographic databases, and 13 topical and organizational websites. We will search for existing evidence syntheses and primary research studies in Southeast Asia countries published between 2008 and 2021. This systematic map will only include English language articles due to our limited capacity. We will screen the search results at the title/abstract and the full-text levels. Numbers of included/excluded items and reasons for exclusion will be noted and visualized via a ROSES flow diagram. We will develop a data extraction form for assessing data useful for reporting current trends of smallholder engagement in sustainable palm oil initiatives. A random sample of 20% of the included articles will be assessed for validity using Joanne Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal checklist. We will then organize and summarize the data according to the defined PICO

Dynamics of Rural Economy: A Socio-Economic Understanding of Oil Palm Expansion and Landscape Changes in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

The fast-growing palm oil economy has stimulated a significant expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia. The uncontrolled development of large oil palm plantations has raised complex socio-ecological issues, including changes of ecological landscapes, organization of production, and farming household livelihood systems. For two oil palm villages with different ecological settings, this article describes changes in land cover, how production is organized, and the income structure changes due to rural economic development. The research used survey approaches and analysis of earth maps, assisted by data obtained from satellite imagery. A qualitative approach was also used to support a survey via in-depth interviews. The research was carried out in two oil palm economy-based villages of Kutai Kartanegara District, of the Province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia. The first village is located very close to the center of regional administration and has evolved into a non-farming economy. In contrast, the other village is more isolated and solely relies on farming activities. The study found that changes of land cover caused by oil palm expansion could be categorized into two types, concentrated and spotted, following the influence of oil palm investment activities. It was also found that organization of the production of most smallholders existed in two types of arrangements, partial and total integration of production. From the perspective of livelihood, two different types of income structures emerged, diversified and uniform. This article concludes that responses of smallholders to palm oil spread varied depending on the ecological setting, the existence of the already established plantation economy in the region, the capacity of the smallholders to diversify economic activities based on palm oil, and the exposure to external economic activities

Unraveling disputes between Indonesia and the European Union on Indonesian palm oil : from environmental issues to national dignity

Indonesia has been the largest palm-oil producer in the world since 2006. The country’s palm-oil products are exported globally, including to member states of the European Union. In recent years, European countries have implemented increasingly stringent regulations on palm-oil imports, including from Indonesia, through policies such as the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) II. This study qualitatively analyzes Indonesia’s responses to these policies. We collected data using in-depth interviews and focus-group discussions with government policymakers, activists from nongovernmental organizations, and oil-palm smallholders and entrepreneurs in Indonesia. We demonstrate that the European Union policy has experienced a shift in recent years which has made it more difficult for Indonesian palm-oil products to enter European markets. The Indonesian government views these policies as an environmental issue, a form of trade war, and a challenge to the sovereignty and dignity of the nation. The government’s responses have included improvements to cultivation and business practices, demands for broader and more inclusive policies, and “resistance,” for example, by referring the case to the World Trade Organization

The Oil Palm Governance : Challenges of Sustainability Policy in Indonesia

Nowadays, Indonesian palm oil faces agrarian, environmental, and social issues and has been subject to sharp criticism from the international community for many years. To answer this problem, the Indonesian government implemented a strategy through certification which ensured the achievement of sustainability standards, especially on the upstream side of the palm oil supply chain. The implementation of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) was an ultimate instrument that applied in particular to smallholders oriented towards managing land legal issues, plantation business licenses, plant seeds, and environmental management and to farmer organizations at the local level. However, this process faced quite complex challenges in the form of structural barriers that are very constraining. This study revealed the occurrence of the phenomenon of hollow governance when regulations are absent or collide with each other. The study also revealed institutional power and multi-level governance that made the governance process ineffective or counterproductive. With a qualitative approach to research conducted in three important palm oil provinces of Indonesia, this article aims to look at the issues of oil palm governance a bit more comprehensively. The study conceptualized what was referred to as low-functioning governance to describe how weak the institutions, organizations, actors, and resources are that support ISPO implementation, especially at the regional and local levels. This paper suggests improving and strengthening the ISPO oil palm governance if Indonesian palm oil companies and smallholders want to gain better credibility on sustainability abroad