11 research outputs found
Who benefits from the US withdrawal of the Kyoto Protocol? An application of the MMEA method to measure power
Since 1992, the international community is trying to arrive at a multilateral agreement on the reduction of emissions for greenhouse gases. A collective decision mechanism was adopted in 1997: An agreement is ratified if and only if it is approved by a coalition gathering more than 55 countries. Moreover, the ratifying industrialized countries - included in the Annex I of the Kyoto Protocol - must represent a total weight corresponding to at least 55% of the total CO2 emissions of the countries of the Annex I, taking the year 1990 as a reference point.One way to study the theoretical power distribution induced by this voting procedure is to compute the Banzhaf index for each country. Firstly, the results of the computation show that the power distribution is largely heterogeneous and benefits to the United-States. Secondly, we analyze the modifications generated by the European coalition scenario in order to prove that the European strategy to act as a single block counterbalanced the US leadership. Finally, we conclude that Japan and Russia benefited from the United States withdrawal in term of a priori decisional power.Power indices, environment, Kyoto Protocol, empirical game theory
Nouveau regard sur le concept d'intelligence Ă©conomique dans un monde VUCA: l'homme au cĆur de la dĂ©marche
Currently, economic intelligence is a complex concept and an approach historically and culturally rooted in the thinking and politics of several countries around the world as a means of developing competitiveness and performance. However, if the world is in perpetual motion, it is clear that companies undergo very frequent changes plunging managers into a situation of increased uncertainty. In this context, the I.E is proposed as the essential tool which makes it possible to research, process, protect and disseminate information, with the aim of reducing and controlling this uncertainty. Thus, specialists in the field agree that the engine and the raw material of the I.E is undoubtedly "information". In practice, this is not always the case, especially when faced with a complex, ambiguous and uncertain environment. The objective of this communication is to offer a new look at the concept of economic intelligence and to put "man" at the heart of the process. Admittedly, in a business, it is obvious that knowledge and know-how are essential, but this is no longer enough, today it is essential to develop one's know-how. For this, we appeal to another form of intelligence: "emotional intelligence". The combination of these two concepts ensures better control of information processing and thus offers a guarantee of effective and relevant decision-making. By drawing a portrait of the range of meanings found in the literature via a semantic analysis, we will try to bring a new look at these concepts. We will then discuss the alchemy between economic intelligence and emotional intelligence.
JEL Classification : J24, D24, D8, D91, O15.
Paper type: Theoretical Research.Actuellement, l'intelligence Ă©conomique est un concept complexe et une dĂ©marche historiquement et culturellement ancrĂ©e dans la rĂ©flexion et la politique de plusieurs pays dans le monde comme moyen du dĂ©veloppement de la compĂ©titivitĂ© et de la performance. Cependant, si le monde est en mouvement perpĂ©tuel, force est de constater que les entreprises subissent des changements trĂšs frĂ©quents plongeant les dĂ©cideurs dans une situation d'incertitude accrue. Dans ce contexte, l'I.E est proposĂ©e comme l'outil indispensable qui permet la recherche, le traitement, la protection et la diffusion de l'information, dans le but de rĂ©duire et de maĂźtriser cette incertitude. Ainsi, les spĂ©cialistes en la matiĂšre s'accordent Ă dire que le moteur et la matiĂšre premiĂšre de l'I.E est sans aucun doute "l'information". Dans la pratique, ce n'est pas toujours le cas, en particulier face un environnement volatil, incertain complexe et ambigu. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer un nouveau regard sur le concept d'intelligence Ă©conomique et de mettre "l'homme" au cĆur de la dĂ©marche. Certes, en entreprise, il est Ă©vident que le savoir et le savoir-faire sont indispensables, mais cela ne suffit plus, aujourd'hui il est primordial de dĂ©velopper son savoir-ĂȘtre. Pour cela, on fait appel Ă une autre forme d'intelligence: "l'intelligence Ă©motionnelle". La conjonction entre ces deux concepts assure-t-elle une meilleure maĂźtrise du traitement de l'information et ainsi offrir une garantie d'une prise de dĂ©cision efficace et pertinente. En traçant un portrait de lâĂ©ventail de significations trouvĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature via une analyse sĂ©mantique, nous allons tenter dâapporter un nouveau regard sur ces concepts. Nous allons par la suite aborder lâalchimie existant entre lâIE et lâintelligence Ă©motionnelle.
Classification JEL : J24, D24, D8, D91, O15.
Type de lâarticle : Article thĂ©orique
Microfinance islamique : vers la conception dâun modĂšle pour le financement des structures de lâĂ©conomie sociale au Maroc
Lâobjectif de cet article est de proposer un modĂšle de microfinance islamique (MFI) adaptĂ© au cas du Maroc. Ce modĂšle pourrait constituer une source de financement alternative, innovante et accessible pour les composantes de lâĂ©conomie sociale (ES), vu que la MFI en tant que composante de la finance islamique (FI) et lâES partagent les mĂȘmes motivations et les mĂȘmes objectifs. Pour ce faire, nous allons adopter une mĂ©thode de recherche qualitative par le biais dâun examen de la littĂ©rature existante liĂ©e au domaine de lâES, de la MFI et des modĂšles de la MFI instaurĂ©s dans les pays les plus avancĂ©s dans ce domaine tels que lâIndonĂ©sie, la Malaisie, le Bangladesh et le Pakistan. En outre, nous allons prendre en compte, dâune part, les caractĂ©ristiques de lâĂ©conomie marocaine, et dâautre part, les spĂ©cificitĂ©s, le comportement financier et les contraintes de financement des organisations de lâES, plus particuliĂšrement les coopĂ©ratives qui constituent la principale composante de cette Ă©conomie
Lâenseignement de lâentrepreneuriat dans les Ă©tablissements marocains : quelle approche pour quelles compĂ©tences ?
Entrepreneurship, a discipline that has been taught for many years, is still a debate about the effectiveness of the main pedagogical approaches used. In addition, the initial question which asks whether this is an innate skill or acquired through training, is always asked. Indeed, the anchoring of this questioning finds its essence in the diversity of existing teaching approaches. Our article was therefore intended to shed light on this debate by shedding more precise light on the use of different approaches in relation to the skills they enable to be developed from a theoretical point of view in the first place, second, a field study among Moroccan higher education teachers. Indeed, a questionnaire was submitted to 45 professors teaching entrepreneurship at Moroccan universities in order to identify their teaching approaches and the skills they wish to act on at the end of this teaching. To analyze our results, we opted for factor analysis of multiple matches because of the nature of our questions and the purpose of our research. Thus, we noted a malfunction in the choices of the teaching approach in relation to the skills to be developed at the end of the training. The results of this work show, among other things, that the professors want to act on the three types of skills offered: technical, managerial and entrepreneurial skills. However they mainly use the Business plan and Business model which only allow the development of certain skills such as creativity, forecasting and planning.Lâentrepreneuriat, cette discipline enseignĂ©e depuis bon nombre dâannĂ©es fait toujours dĂ©bat quant Ă lâefficacitĂ© des principales approches pĂ©dagogiques employĂ©es. De plus, la question initiale qui demande sâil sâagit dâune compĂ©tence innĂ©e ou acquise par le biais dâune formation est toujours posĂ©e. En effet, lâancrage de ce questionnement trouve son essence dans la diversitĂ© des approches dâenseignement existantes. De ce fait, notre article a eu pour vocation dâĂ©clairer ce dĂ©bat en mettant la lumiĂšre plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment sur lâusage des diffĂ©rentes approches par rapport aux compĂ©tences quâelles permettent de dĂ©velopper dâun point de vue thĂ©orique en premier lieu, afin dâentamer en second lieu une Ă©tude sur terrain auprĂšs des professeurs dâenseignement supĂ©rieur marocain. En effet, un questionnaire a Ă©tĂ© soumis Ă 45 professeurs enseignant lâentrepreneuriat dans des universitĂ©s marocaines afin dâidentifier leurs approches dâenseignement et les compĂ©tences sur lesquelles ils souhaitent agir Ă lâissue de cet enseignement. Pour analyser nos rĂ©sultats, nous avons optĂ© pour lâanalyse factorielle des correspondances multiples du fait de la nature de nos questions et lâobjet de notre recherche. Ainsi, nous avons relevĂ© un dysfonctionnement quant aux choix de lâapproche dâenseignement par rapport aux compĂ©tences Ă dĂ©velopper Ă lâissue de la formation. Les rĂ©sultats de ce travail montrent, entre autres, que les professeurs souhaitent agir sur les trois types de compĂ©tences proposĂ©es Ă savoir : les compĂ©tences techniques, managĂ©riales et entrepreneuriales, toutefois ils usent principalement du Business plan et Business model qui ne permettent de dĂ©velopper que certaines aptitudes telles que la crĂ©ativitĂ©, la prĂ©vision et la planification
Intelligence territoriale descendante : Cas dâagglomĂ©ration dâentreprises au Maroc
Le passage Ă une Ă©conomie immatĂ©rielle, fondĂ©e sur la connaissance, fait de lâinformation un levier stratĂ©gique indispensable et plus encore, un moyen de compĂ©titivitĂ©. Dâailleurs, face Ă la masse dâinformations rendue disponible par les technologies dâinformation, la maĂźtrise de celle-ci devient une nĂ©cessitĂ©. Lâintelligence Ă©conomique rĂ©pond Ă ce dĂ©fi en sâinscrivant dans une dĂ©marche de collecte, dâanalyse et de transformation de l'information en connaissance qui sera diffusĂ©e aux bons acteurs. Ceci reprĂ©sente selon Nonaka (1991) et Baulant (2018) un levier majeur pour tous les pays du monde pour se crĂ©er et conserver des « avantages concurrentiels durables». Au niveau local, lâapplication de lâintelligence Ă©conomique nous renvoie Ă la notion dâintelligence territoriale, expliquĂ©e notamment par le regain dâintĂ©rĂȘt du territoire qui est dĂ©sormais au cĆur des stratĂ©gies de localisation des firmes, et par la loi de dĂ©centralisation qui lui accorde une nouvelle attention. ConsidĂ©rant lâintelligence territoriale sous lâapproche « descendante », elle privilĂ©gie « une approche stratĂ©gique destinĂ©e Ă restaurer la compĂ©titivitĂ© dâune nation par lâattractivitĂ© de ses territoires» (Pelissier, 2009). LâagglomĂ©ration dâentreprises permet le renforcement de la compĂ©titivitĂ© territoriale Ă travers des relations de coopĂ©tition entre les entreprises et la crĂ©ation dâun Ă©cosystĂšme favorable Ă lâĂ©change, au transfert des connaissances, Ă lâinnovation et Ă la production de valeur ajoutĂ©e Ă lâĂ©chelle locale. Le Maroc sâest engagĂ© dans cette voie en dĂ©ployant des politiques Ă©conomiques et industrielles, afin de donner une impulsion Ă lâinnovation et Ă Â la compĂ©titivitĂ© territoriale. Notre travail tentera de rĂ©pondre aux questions suivantes : Est-ce que lâagglomĂ©ration dâentreprises constitue un outil de lâintelligence Ă©conomique territoriale ? Est-ce que la trajectoire descendante de lâintelligence territoriale assure lâattractivitĂ© du territoire ? Pour ce faire, notre article sâintĂ©ressera dâune part Ă la relation entre lâintelligence territoriale descendante et lâagglomĂ©ration dâentreprises. Dâautre part, il expliquera lâimpact de la mise en rĂ©seaux dâentreprises sur la compĂ©titivitĂ© rĂ©gionale au Maroc.Mots clĂ©s : Intelligence territoriale descendante, agglomĂ©ration dâentreprises, rĂ©gions, compĂ©titivitĂ©. Top-down territorial intelligence: The case of agglomeration of firms in MoroccoAbstract:The transition to an intangible, knowledge-based economy gives information a strategic  position. Moreover, the mass of information that is available by information technologies must be managed. Competitive intelligence responds to this challenge through the process of collecting, analyzing and transforming information into knowledge that will be disseminated to the right actors. According to Nonaka (1991) Baulant(2018), this allows all countries to create and maintain âsustainable competitive advantagesâ. At the local level, the application of competitive intelligence refers us back to the notion of territorial intelligence, explained in particular by the renewed interest of the territory, and by the decentralization law, which gives it new attention. Considering territorial intelligence in its "top-down" approach, it reflects "a strategic approach designed to restore a nation's competitiveness through the attractiveness of its territoriesâ (Pelissier, 2009). Agglomeration of firms enables the enhancement of territorial competitiveness through competitive and cooperative relationships between firms and the creation of an ecosystem that supports the exchange, transfer of knowledge, innovation and the production of an added value at the local scale. Morocco has pursued this path through the deployment of economic and industrial policies in order to promote innovation and territorial competitiveness. This work will seek to answer the following questions: Does the agglomeration of firms represent a tool for territorial intelligence? Does the top-down trajectory of territorial intelligence ensure the attractiveness of the territory? To give an answer to these questions, our article will focus on the relationship between top-down territorial intelligence and agglomeration of firms; also it will explain the impact of business networking on regional competitiveness in Morocco.                                 Key words: Top-down territorial intelligence, agglomeration of firms, regions, competitiveness
Which voting rule minimizes the probability of the referendum paradox? Lessons from French data
Amajor goal of democracy is to achieve equal representation of the citizens. Though equal representation can be easily achieved when all the voters directly select a president or decide on a policy through a referendum, the issue is not that simple for indirect democracy. A crucial question thus relates to the choice of the "best" two-tier voting rules. More precisely, how many mandates should be allocated to each jurisdiction (examples being electoral constituencies, local jurisdictions, regions, states, countries) in this type of system? Which quota should be used for decision? Very different answers to these questions were adopted by the various federal structures
The Impact of Entrepreneurship Teaching on Mohammed First University Students: Impact de lâenseignement de lâentrepreneuriat chez les Ă©tudiants de lâuniversitĂ© Mohammed 1er
Résumé
Lâenseignement de lâentrepreneuriat est au cĆur de la tendance actuelle de la recherche acadĂ©mique du fait de ses nombreux enjeux, toutefois, il ne suffit pas de dispenser des cours dâentrepreneuriat pour atteindre les objectifs escomptĂ©s. Il est dâautant plus important de mesurer lâimpact de ces formations afin dâĂ©valuer lâampleur des changements crĂ©Ă©s auprĂšs des participants aux formations entrepreneuriales dans le but de rĂ©adapter les approches dâenseignement aux objectifs visĂ©s. De ce fait, nous avons optĂ© pour une posture post-positiviste pour mener notre Ă©tude et nous avons Ă©valuĂ© lâimpact de lâenseignement dâentrepreneuriat auprĂšs de 306 Ă©tudiants de lâuniversitĂ© Mohammed 1er Ă travers un questionnaire se basant sur une autoĂ©valuation des compĂ©tences acquises. En effet, notre Ă©tude se distingue des travaux similaires par le mode de mesure adoptĂ©. Au lieu dâopter pour une Ă©valuation acadĂ©mique par lâenseignant des compĂ©tences avant et aprĂšs la formation, nous avons prĂ©fĂ©rĂ© mesurer le sentiment dâauto-efficacitĂ© de lâĂ©tudiant, car ce dernier reprĂ©sente un Ă©lĂ©ment clĂ© Ă lâacte entrepreneurial. A lâissue de ce travail, nous avons remarquĂ© que les Ă©tudiants prĂ©sentent une intention entrepreneuriale mais Ă des horizons temporels diffĂ©rents. Tandis que pour les compĂ©tences, il apparait que la planification de lâactivitĂ© et la crĂ©ativitĂ© sont les compĂ©tences les plus prĂ©sentes chez les questionnĂ©s, Ă contrario du calcul des besoins financiers, de la dĂ©tection des opportunitĂ©s et la gestion des risques qui sont les aptitudes les plus regrettĂ©s.
Mots clés : Entrepreneuriat, Enseignement, Compétences Entrepreneuriales, Impact, Etudiants.
Abstract
Certainly, the teaching of Entrepreneurship is at the heart of the current trend in academic research. However, providing Entrepreneurship courses seems to be not enough to achieve the desired goals. It is of paramount importance to measure the impacts of these trainings as a step to verify the various changes created among the participants in the Entrepreneurial trainings in an attempt to readjust the teaching approaches with the targeted objectives. Therefore, we opted for a post positivist to conduct our study, and we evaluated the impact of entrepreneurship education among 306 students from Mohammed I University through a questionnaire based on a self-assessment of acquired skills. Indeed, our study differs from similar work by the method of measurement adopted. Instead of opting for an academic evaluation by the teacher of the skills before and after the training, we preferred to measure the feeling of self-efficacy of the student, because the latter represents a key element to the entrepreneurial act. At the end of this work, we noticed that the students present an Entrepreneurial intention, but with different time horizons. While for skills, it appears that activity planning and creativity are the most common skills, which are present among participants, in contrast to the calculation of financial needs, the detection of opportunities and risk management, which are most regretted.
Keywords : Entrepreneurship, Education, Entrepreneurial skills, Impact, Students
Who benefits from the US withdrawal of the Kyoto Protocol? An application of the MMEA method to measure power
International audienceSince 1992, the international community is trying to arrive at a multilateral agreement on the reduction of emissions for greenhouse gases. A collective decision mechanism was adopted in 1997: An agreement is ratified if and only if it is approved by a coalition gathering more than 55 countries. Moreover, the ratifying industrialized countries - included in the Annex I of the Kyoto Protocol - must represent a total weight corresponding to at least 55% of the total CO2 emissions of the countries of the Annex I, taking the year 1990 as a reference point.One way to study the theoretical power distribution induced by this voting procedure is to compute the Banzhaf index for each country. Firstly, the results of the computation show that the power distribution is largely heterogeneous and benefits to the United-States. Secondly, we analyze the modifications generated by the European coalition scenario in order to prove that the European strategy to act as a single block counterbalanced the US leadership. Finally, we conclude that Japan and Russia benefited from the United States withdrawal in term of a priori decisional power
L'entrepreneuriat au Maroc : L'Ă©valuation des politiques publiques
<p>L'évaluation des politiques publiques est un processus systématique visant à mesurer l'efficacité, l'efficience, la pertinence et l'impact des initiatives gouvernementales mises en place pour résoudre des problÚmes sociaux, économiques ou environnementaux. Elle vise à fournir des informations objectives permettant aux décideurs politiques d'améliorer la prise dedécision et l'allocation des ressources.</p><p>L'objectif de ce papier est de présenter de façon exhaustive théoriquement les définitions et concepts fondamentaux de l'évaluation des politiques publiques. Notre objectif est de présenter les différents types d'évaluation existants, les critÚres variés ainsi que les étapes essentielles pour élaborerune évaluation des politiques publiques de maniÚre concise.</p>