Geographical approaches to the study of the urban environment

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. This paper discusses geographical approaches c environmental studies taking into account natural and anthropogenic factors. Focuses on the methodology for assessing the ecological status of urban areas. We consider a system of evaluation criteria in geo-environmental situation. To assess the geo-ecological situations previously summarized the main factors of its creation in the form of diagnostic features. Among the main factors affecting the natural geo-ecological situation (ecological framework) and anthropogenic. By the example of Kazan celebrated territorial and geo-ecological zones of the most important features.

Fluid inclusions in minerals and zonation of scapolite metasoms (Eastern Pamir).

In the article the questions of Geochemistry and Mineralogy scapolite Deposit of the East Pamirs. Scapolite mineralization is localized in metasomatity Alpine veins. Scapolite occurs in three generations. Early metamorphic scapolite. Milky-white coarse-grained scapolite. Jewelry clear crystals of scapolite from a later generation. Scapolite different generations differ on a number of indicators. The temperature and pressure of mineral formation, the concentration of the solutions and their composition scapolite different

Minerals with hydrogen bonds and the possibility of their practical importance

© SGEM2014. All rights reserved. The article briefly presents the facts detection of hydrogen bonds in minerals, showing the abundance and diversity of these links in different classes of minerals and examining the use of these minerals in various industries. Hydrogen bonds are widely distributed in nature, organic and inorganic compounds. Hydrogen bonds are marked in different classes minerals. The composition of minerals in the hydrogen form may include ammonium ion, hydroxyl ion and water. Minerals with hydrogen bonds are widespread in nature and may form an intermediate between inorganic and organic matter. The hydrogen bond is a bond that is formed between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and atom of the element (O, N, F) of another molecule. Hydrogen bonds are also formed in the compound molecule, which atoms are bonded inside strong covalent bond with other molecules of water [1]. The mechanism of the hydrogen bond is partially electrostatic nature, partly donoracceptor. The hydrogen bond is weaker than ionic or covalent bond but stronger than usual intermolecular interaction. According to its energy (3-8 kcal/mol), hydrogen bond occupies an intermediate position between the van der Waals interactions (shares kcal/mol) and typical chemical bonds (tens of kcal/mol) [3]

Корреляционные связи между уровнем дозы ветома 21.77 и массой, а также некоторыми гематологическими показателями бройлеров

The research aims at revealing possible correlations among the dose of microbiological specimen vetom 21.77, body weight and concentration of erythrocytes and hematoglobulin in the poultry blood which received the specimen. The researchers arranged 5 groups: the control group and 4 experimental ones. Each group contained 20 broilers. The researchers used 5 chickens additionally in order to define critical hematological parameters before applying the specimens in the experimental groups. The specimen was applied when feeding the poultry from 1-4 experimental groups orally once a day dosed 2, 5, 50 and 300 μl / kg of weight, respectively, with food and water for 7 days. The chickens from the control group didn’t get the specimen. When analyzing the results obtained,  the digital data was visualized using the swing diagrams and correlation diagrams in order to detail the observed tendencies. At the final stage of the experiment, the average absolute weight of broilers which received vetom 21..77 in the investigated doses was on 0.2-1.4% higher in comparison with the same parameter in the control group. Median parameters   of the absolute  poultry weight which received the specimen dosed 50 and 300 μl / kg of body weight, were on 1.4 and 1.9% higher in the control group. The number of erythrocytes in the poultry blood which received vetom 21.77 at a dose of 300 μl / kg of mass was higher at the end of the experiment than in the control group on 6.3% (P <0.05). The median of the sample exceeded the median of the control group on 8.9%. The average parameters   of hematoglobulin concentration in the blood of chickens which  received the specimen at doses of 50 and 300 μl / kg of mass were on 3.4 (P <0.01) and 3.8% (P <0.01) higher. Medians of these groups were higher than those in the control group on 5%. The article highlights the correlations between the dose of the specimen and live body weight (P <0.001), and between the concentration of erythrocytes (P 0.001) and hematoglobulin (P 0.001) in the blood of experimental poultry.Настоящее исследование направлено на выявление возможных корреляционных связей между уровнем дозы микробиологического препарата ветом 21.77 и живой массой, а также содержанием эритроцитов и гемоглобина в крови птицы, получавшей препарат. Для реализации цели исследования были сформированы 5 групп птицы: контрольная и 4 опытные, по 20 голов в каждой. Дополнительно использовали 5 цыплят для определения пороговых гематологических показателей до применения препарата цыплятам опытных групп. Препарат назначали перорально 1 раз в сутки птице 1–4-й опытных групп в дозах 2, 5, 50 и 300 мкл/кг массы соответственно с кормом и водой в течение 7 суток. Цыплятам контрольной группы препарат не назначали. При анализе полученных результатов в целях детализации наблюдаемых тенденций цифровые данные визуализировали при помощи диаграмм размаха и корреляционных диаграмм. По окончании исследования средние значения абсолютной массы бройлеров, получавших ветом 21.77 в изучаемых дозах, были выше по сравнению с аналогичным показателем в контрольной группе на 0,2–1,4 %. Медианные значения абсолютной массы птиц, которым препарат назначали в дозах 50 и 300 мкл/кг массы, были выше относительно медианы в контроле на 1,4 и 1,9 % соответственно. Содержание эритроцитов в крови птицы, получавшей ветом 21.77 в дозе 300 мкл/кг массы, по окончании исследования было выше по сравнению с аналогичным показателем в контрольной группе на 6,3 % (P <0,05). Медиана данной выборки превышала медиану контроля на 8,9 %. Средние значения концентрации гемоглобина в крови цыплят, которым препарат назначали в дозах 50 и 300 мкл/кг массы, были выше относительно аналогов из контроля на 3,4 (P <0,01) и 3,8 % (P <0,01) соответственно. Медианы данных групп были выше таковой в контроле на 5 %. Выявлена тенденция к наличию достоверных корреляционных связей между уровнем дозы препарата и живой массой (P <0,001), а также содержанием эритроцитов (P <0,001) и гемоглобина (P <0,001) в крови опытной птицы

Отдаленные последствия недоношенности: нарушения физического развития и пищевого поведения детей и подростков

Aim. To characterize the physical development (PD) and eating behavior (EB) of children and adolescents born prematurely.Materials and methods. The study involved 123 people born in the period 1997-2008, 58 children born prematurely, age (12 ± 1.3) years, gestation period (33.07 ± 1.9) weeks (main group). The control group consisted of 65 full-term peers, age (12.7 ± 2.2) years, gestational age (39.5 ± 0.8) weeks. Participants were evaluated by PD (height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), throat circumference (TC)) under the WHO AnthroPlus program, and EB using the Dutch DEBQ questionnaire.Results. Growth and Z-score growth of boys and girls of the main group is lower than that of their fullterm peers, p = 0.04; 0.004 (p < 0.0001 for Z-score growth). Z-score BMI in boys and girls of the main group is higher than in full-term, p = 0.04; 0.01. WC/TC the girls of the main group is higher than in fullterm peers, p < 0.0001. In premature boys, the restrictive type is 13.3%, emotional and external – 50%, the combination of emotional and external – 33.3%. In the control restrictive – 5,7%, emotional – 28,6%, external – 32,3%, the combination of emotional and external – 10,8%, the combination of all three types – 5,7%. In the group of premature girls restrictive –7.1% against 36.7% in the control, (p = 0.007), emotsiogenic – 10.7% against 36.6% of the control (p = 0.02), external – 10.3% against 60% of the control (p = 0.003). In the control group the combination of external and emotiogenic – 16.7% (in the primary group is 0, p = 0.02). Preterm boys emotiogenic and external and their combination more often than girls (p = 0.001; 0.02; 0.001).Conclusion. Children and adolescents born prematurely are below full-term peers and have a high z-score of BMI. Boys realize violations of external and emotional types, and their combination. Цель. Охарактеризовать физическое развития (ФР) и пищевое поведение (ПП) детей и подростков, родившихся недоношенными.Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 123 человека, родившихся в 1997–2008 гг., в том числе 58 недоношенных детей, возраст (12 ± 1,3) лет, срок гестации (33,07 ± 1,9) нед (основная группа). Группу контроля составили 65 доношенных сверстников, возраст (12,7 ± 2,2) лет, срок гестации (39,5 ± 0,8) нед. Участникам проведена оценка ФР (рост, вес, индекс массы тела (ИМТ), окружность талии (ОТ), окружность бедер (ОБ)) по программе WHO AnthroPlus и ПП с помощью голландского опросника DEBQ.Результаты. В исследовании показано, что рост и z-score роста мальчиков и девочек основной группы ниже, чем у их доношенных сверстников, р = 0,04; р = 0,004 соответственно (р < 0,0001 для z-score роста). Отмечено, что z-score ИМТ у мальчиков и девочек основной группы выше, чем у доношенных, р = 0,04; р = 0,01; ОТ/ОБ у девочек основной группы выше, чем у доношенных сверстниц, р < 0,0001. У недоношенных мальчиков выявлены следующие типы ПП: ограничительный (13,3%), эмоциогенный и экстернальный (по 50%), сочетание эмоциогенного и экстернального (33,3%). В контрольной группе обнаружены следующие типы ПП: ограничительный (5,7%), эмоциогенный (28,6%), экстернальный (32,3%), сочетание эмоциогенного и экстернального (10,8%), сочетание всех трех типов (5,7%). У девочек наблюдались следующие типы ПП: ограничительный в основной группе (7,1%) и контрольной (36,7%), р = 0,007; эмоциогенный – 10,7% против 36,6% из контроля (р = 0,02); экстернальный – 10,3% против 60% из контроля (р = 0,003). В контрольной группе отмечено сочетание эмоциогенного и экстернального (16,7%), в основной группе – 0, р = 0,02. У недоношенных мальчиков эмоциогенный и экстернальный тип ПП и их сочетание наблюдались чаще, чем у девочек (р = 0,001; р = 0,02; р = 0,001).Заключение. Дети и подростки, родившиеся недоношенными, ниже доношенных сверстников и имеют высокие z-score ИМТ. Мальчики реализуют нарушения экстернального и эмоциогенного типов и их сочетание.

Synthesis and Structure of Trinuclear W3S4 Clusters Bearing Aminophosphine Ligands and Their Reactivity toward Halides and Pseudohalides

The aminophosphine ligand (2-aminoethyl)- diphenylphosphine (edpp) has been coordinated to the W3(μ- S)(μ-S)3 cluster unit to afford trimetallic complex [W3S4Br3(edpp)3]+ (1+) in a one-step synthesis process with high yields. Related [W3S4X3(edpp)3]+ clusters (X = F−, Cl−, NCS−; 2+−4+) have been isolated by treating 1+ with the corresponding halide or pseudohalide salt. The structure of complexes 1+ to 4+ contains an incomplete W3S4 cubane-type cluster unit, and only one of the possible isomers is formed: the one with the phosphorus atoms trans to the capping sulfur and the amino groups trans to the bridging sulphurs. The remaining coordination position on each metal is occupied by X. Detailed studies using stopped-flow, 31P{1H} NMR, and ESI-MS have been carried out in order to understand the solution behavior and the kinetics of interconversion among species 1+, 2+, 3+, and 4+ in solution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been also carried out on the reactions of cluster 1+ with the different anions. The whole set of experimental and theoretical data indicate that the actual mechanism of substitutions in these clusters is strongly dependent on the nature of the leaving and entering anions. The interaction between an entering F− and the amino group coordinated to the adjacent metal have also been found to be especially relevant to the kinetics of these reactions

Landscape of somatic single nucleotide variants and indels in colorectal cancer and impact on survival

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a biologically heterogeneous disease. To characterize its mutational profile, we conduct targeted sequencing of 205 genes for 2,105 CRC cases with survival data. Our data shows several findings in addition to enhancing the existing knowledge of CRC. We identify PRKCI, SPZ1, MUTYH, MAP2K4, FETUB, and TGFBR2 as additional genes significantly mutated in CRC. We find that among hypermutated tumors, an increased mutation burden is associated with improved CRC-specific survival (HR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.21-0.82). Mutations in TP53 are associated with poorer CRC-specific survival, which is most pronounced in cases carrying TP53 mutations with predicted 0% transcriptional activity (HR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.21-1.94). Furthermore, we observe differences in mutational frequency of several genes and pathways by tumor location, stage, and sex. Overall, this large study provides deep insights into somatic mutations in CRC, and their potential relationships with survival and tumor features. Large scale sequencing study is of paramount importance to unravel the heterogeneity of colorectal cancer. Here, the authors sequenced 205 cancer genes in more than 2000 tumours and identified additional mutated driver genes, determined that mutational burden and specific mutations in TP53 are associated with survival odds

Inner/Outer Nuclear Membrane Fusion in Nuclear Pore Assembly: Biochemical Demonstration and Molecular Analysis

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is characterized by a long-lived membrane-lined channel connecting the inner and outer nuclear membranes. This stabilized membrane channel, within which the nuclear pore is built, has little evolutionary precedent. In this report we demonstrate and map the inner/outer nuclear membrane fusion in NPC assembly

EFFECT OF "VETOM 21.77" PREPARATION ON SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PATTERN IN MICE

It is known that predatory Hyphomycetes fungi play an important role in measures taken for helminthic infestation prevention. There is little evidence on properties of compounds contained in predatory fungi and their effect on animals. Results of tests of "Vetom 21.77", new microbiological preparation based on Duddingtonia flagrans, for its effect on serum biochemical pattern of laboratory mice are presented. The preparation was administered to the animals at the dose of 2, 5, 50 and 300 µl/kg of body weight. The animals were examined for tested parameters prior and 2 and 7 days after daily administration of the preparation. The parameters remained within the normal physiological limits in all test group as well as in control group not given the preparation. The test results indicated safety of the said microbiological preparation. Significant increase in total protein and albumin contents was recorded in mice given the maximum dose of the preparation as compared with those of control group

Geographical approaches to the study of the urban environment

© 2015, Asian Social Science. All rights reserved. This paper discusses geographical approaches c environmental studies taking into account natural and anthropogenic factors. Focuses on the methodology for assessing the ecological status of urban areas. We consider a system of evaluation criteria in geo-environmental situation. To assess the geo-ecological situations previously summarized the main factors of its creation in the form of diagnostic features. Among the main factors affecting the natural geo-ecological situation (ecological framework) and anthropogenic. By the example of Kazan celebrated territorial and geo-ecological zones of the most important features.