Eventos pluviais extremos na Amazônia meridional : riscos e impactos em Rondônia

Orientador : Francisco de Assis MendonçaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Terra, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia. Defesa: Curitiba, 09/03/2015Inclui referênciasResumo: A primeira década do século XXI foi marcada pela ocorrência de eventos climáticos extremos na região amazônica. Duas das piores secas já registradas na região, as de 2005 e 2010, causaram grandes impactos socioambientais e despertaram atenção da comunidade científica internacional. Atividades como agricultura, pecuária, pesca, transportes, energia, biodiversidade e a saúde da população registraram impactos significativos. Por outro lado, os anos de 2009, 2012 e 2014 se destacaram pelo excesso de chuva e cheias recordes de rios do bioma amazônico. Em 2014, a cheia histórica de rios do sudoeste da Amazônia, como o Madeira, Mamoré, Guaporé, entre outros, desabrigou milhares de famílias, interditou rodovias, isolou municípios e agravou o risco da ocorrência de doenças, como leptospirose, diarréias, febre tifóide, entre outras. Em Porto Velho, o nível do rio Madeira chegou à marca histórica de 19,74 metros em 30/03/2014, superando em mais de 2 metros o maior nível então registrado no ano de 1997 (17,50 metros). Na cidade, mais de 12 bairros ficaram submersos e no estado quase 30 mil pessoas ficaram desabrigadas ou desalojadas, conforme a Defesa Civil. Alguns modelos de previsibilidade do clima indicam que tais episódios resultam da intensificação do aquecimento global e que sua frequência aumentará no futuro. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral estudar a ocorrência de eventos pluviais extremos em escala sazonal na Amazônia Meridional e os riscos e os impactos das enchentes e inundações em Rondônia, com enfoque sobre o episódio de 2014. Para tanto foram desenvolvidas duas abordagens paralelas - conjuntas e complementares: a primeira, de natureza puramente climatológica, se dedicou ao estudo do clima da Amazônia Meridional, com ênfase na pluviosidade em sua temporalidade e espacialidade. Nesta abordagem foram utilizados dados pluviométricos de 41 localidades para o período 1981-2011 (31 anos), os quais receberam tratamento estatístico. A outra abordagem se concentrou na análise dos riscos associados a eventos pluviais extremos em Rondônia e dos impactos da cheia histórica do rio Madeira em 2014. Tal abordagem baseou-se em dados oficiais obtidos junto a governos e secretarias municipais e estaduais, além de notícias divulgadas pela imprensa, que permitiram identificar os principais riscos presentes no estado de Rondônia e no município de Porto Velho frente à ocorrência de eventos pluviais extremos. Na região da Amazônia Meridional não foi observada nenhuma tendência estatisticamente significativa no que se refere ao aumento ou redução de eventos pluviais extremos ao longo do período analisado. Sobre a gênese das chuvas na região, as análises permitem concluir que a atuação da Massa Equatorial Continental é decisiva na produção dos elevados volumes pluviais na região e que estes também sofrem influência dos oceanos Atlântico e Pacífico (Tropical). Sobre os impactos associados às enchentes e inundações em Rondônia, as análises identificaram diversas situações de risco, particularmente nos âmbitos da saúde, habitação e economia. Por fim, foram realizadas algumas considerações e sugestões ao poder público, com a finalidade de contribuir para o (re) ordenamento do território, na gestão dos riscos a desastres naturais, adaptação à variabilidade e mudanças climáticas e minimização da exposição e vulnerabilidade social aos episódios extremos. Palavras-chave: Eventos pluviais extremos, Amazônia Meridional, risco, impactos, desastres naturaisAbstract: The first decade of 21st century was marked by the occurrence of extreme climate events in the Amazon region. Two of the worst droughts ever seen in the region, in 2005 and 2010 years, caused major environmental impacts and aroused attention of the international scientific community. Activities such as agriculture, livestock, fisheries, transport, energy, biodiversity and the health of the population showed significant impacts. On the other hand, the years 2009, 2012 and 2014 stood out by excessive rain and exceptional floods of rivers in the Amazon region. In 2014, the historic floods of rivers of southwestern Amazonia, such as Madeira, Mamore, Guapore, among others, left homeless or displaced thousands of families, interrupted roads, isolated cities and increased the risk of occurrence of diseases such as leptospirosis, diarrhea, typhoid fever, among others. In Porto Velho, the level of the Madeira river reached the historic mark of 19.74 meters on March 30, 2014, exceeding by more than 2 meters the highest level then recorded in 1997 (17.50 meters). In the city, more than 12 neighborhoods were flooded and almost 30.000 people were left homeless or displaced in Rondonia state, according to the Civil Defense. Some climate models indicate that such events result of the intensification of global warming and its frequency will increase in the future. This research aims to study the occurrence of extreme rainfall events in seasonal scale in Southern Amazon and the risks and impacts of floods in Rondonia, focusing on the episode of 2014. Therefore, was developed two parallel approaches - joint and complementary: first, purely climatological, devoted to study the Southern Amazon climate, with emphasis on rainfall in their temporal and spatial variability. In this approach were used rainfall data of 41 locations for the period 1981-2011 (30 years), which received statistical treatment. The other approach focused on the analysis of the risks associated with extreme rainfall events in Rondonia and on impacts of historic flood of the Madeira river in 2014. This approach was based on official data obtained from the municipal and state governments, plus news press reports, which allowed the identification of the main risks in Rondonia and Porto Velho front of the occurrence of extreme rainfall events. In the region of Southern Amazon, there was no statistically significant trend toward an increase or decrease of extreme rainfall events over the period analyzed. On the genesis of rainfall in the region, the analysis allow to conclude that the performance of Equatorial Continental Mass is critical in the production of high rainfall volumes in the region and they also are influenced by the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, in tropical zone. About the impacts associated with floods in Rondonia, the analysis identified several risk situations, particularly in the areas of health, housing and economy. Finally, were made some considerations and suggestions to the government, in order to contribute to planning of space, management of disasters risks, adaptation to climate variability and change and minimizing exposure as the social vulnerability to extreme events. Keywords: Extreme rainfall events, Southern Amazon, risk, impact, natural disaster

IDENTIFICAÇÃO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE EPISÓDIOS DE CHUVA EXTREMA NO DISTRITO FEDERAL – PERÍODO 1990-2019

The aim of this article is to analyze the occurrence of extreme rainfall episodes in the historical series of rainfall for the period 1990-2019 in the Federal District. The threshold of 0.1 mm/daily was used to identify rain episodes, which were classified into the following classes: 0.1 to 2.5 mm – drizzle; 5 to 10.0 mm – light rain; 10.0 to 15.0 mm – moderate rain; 15.0 to 25.0 mm – relatively heavy rain; 25.0 to 50.0 mm – heavy rain; 50.0 mm – extreme rain. The 99th Percentile methodology was also applied to identify the most extreme rain episodes in the series. The total value of 3,988 cases of rainfall was obtained, making it possible to identify 27 cases of extreme rainfall events in the DF. Of this total, 10 cases were recorded in the 1990s, in the 2000s there were 8 cases and from 2010 there were 9 cases. The data and information generated in this article make it possible to provide reliable references for reflection and action by government agencies, civil society and autonomous organizations about possible disasters caused by heavy rains in the DF.O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a ocorrência de episódios de chuvas extremas na série histórica de precipitação pluvial referente ao período 1990-2019 no Distrito Federal. Empregou-se o limiar de 0,1 mm/diário para identificação dos episódios de chuva, que foram classificados nas seguintes classes: 0,1 a 2,5 mm – chuvisco; 5 a 10,0 mm – chuva fraca; 10,0 a 15,0 mm – chuva moderada; 15,0 a 25,0 mm – chuva relativamente forte; 25,0 a 50,0 mm – chuva forte; 50,0 mm – chuva extrema.  Também foi aplicada metodologia do Percentil 99 para identificação dos episódios de chuva mais extremos da série. Obteve-se o valor total de 3.988 casos de precipitação pluvial, tornando-se possível fazer a identificação de 27 casos de eventos pluviométricos extremos no DF. Desse total, registrou-se 10 casos na década de 1990, nos anos 2000 registrou-se 8 casos e a partir de 2010 houve 9 casos. Os dados e as informações geradas no presente artigo tornam-se capazes de fornecer referências confiáveis para reflexão e ação dos órgãos governamentais, da sociedade civil e organizações autônomas acerca dos possíveis desastres naturais causados por chuvas intensas no DF

O FENÔMENO DA ESTIAGEM EM RONDÔNIA: ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE AGOSTO DE 2010 EM PORTO VELHO

Recentemente, nos anos de 2005 e 2010, a região sul-amazônica vivenciou secas notáveis, com efeitosamplamente divulgados pela imprensa de todo o mundo. Em Porto Velho (RO), a seca de 2010produziu efeitos negativos na qualidade do ar, abastecimento de água à população e visibilidadeatmosférica. Este trabalho objetiva caracterizar o comportamento interanual da precipitação pluvial notrimestre mais seco do ano em Porto Velho e apresentar alguns efeitos da estiagem de 2010 no mês deagosto daquele ano. As análises empregadas neste trabalho se baseiam em dados mensais deprecipitação pluvial (mm) oriundos de uma estação meteorológica convencional do Instituto Nacionalde Meteorologia (INMET) localizada no campus da Embrapa em Porto Velho. Os dadosmeteorológicos sobre a seca em agosto de 2010 foram registrados em uma estação integrante da Redede Meteorologia do Comando da Aeronáutica (REDEMET). As demais informações sobre os efeitosda estiagem na região foram obtidos na imprensa escrita. As análises climatológicas permitiramidentificar o trimestre junho, julho, agosto como o mais seco do ano em Porto Velho, com apenas 5,5% do volume de chuva anual. A análise interanual do total de chuva no trimestre mais seco do anomostrou alguma variabilidade e uma ligeira tendência de redução da precipitação nessa época do ano.Sobre os efeitos da seca de 2010 em Porto Velho foram destacadas a degradação da qualidade do arpelo acúmulo de poluentes ori

Resultados preliminares do manejo integrado do fogo nas terras indígenas Paresi

Integrated fire management considers local practices, ecological and scientific information, and institutional management to conserve biodiversity, reduce the prevalence of uncontrolled fire, and protect fire-sensitive vegetation. In indigenous lands, management is administered through Forest Brigades Program, which is supported by the Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources and the National Indian Foundation. There are still few evaluations on the implementation of this paradigm in Indigenous Lands focusing on the fire regime and the damage caused in the plant species, considering the periods of the fire treatment. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the first results of the integrated fire management in the Juininha, Paresi and Utiariti, Indigenous Lands, all occupied by the indigenous Paresi people and is located in the state of Mato Grosso, by analyzing, in 2016 to 2018, the phytophysiognomies affected by burning, of vegetation damage caused by fire, and seasonal distribution of the active fire data from 2016 to 2018. The results showed that burns on indigenous lands were shifted to the early fire season and that most of the evaluated species did not have damage caused by the burns of both periods. When with some impact level, this was higher in the period of early fire. Therefore, it was concluded that although burns are shifted to the early fire period, the prescribed burn techniques do not cover the frequency and history of the surfaces hit to consider a mosaic approach beyond the reduction of major events in the modal-late fire season.O manejo integrado do fogo considera as práticas locais, as informações ecológicas e científicas e o manejo institucional para conservar a biodiversidade, reduzir a prevalência de incêndios florestais e proteger a vegetação sensível ao fogo. Nas terras indígenas, a gestão do manejo ocorre por meio do Programa de Brigadas Florestais, que é respaldado pelo Acordo de Cooperação Técnica entre o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis e pela Fundação Nacional do Índio. Ainda são escassas avaliações sobre a implementação deste paradigma em Terras Indígenas com enfoque ao regime de queima e aos danos causados em espécies vegetais, considerando os períodos de tratamento de fogo. Por isto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os primeiros resultados do manejo integrado do fogo nas terras indígenas Juininha, Paresi e Utiariti, todos ocupadas pelo povo indígena Paresi e localizadas no estado do Mato Grosso, por meio da análise das fitofisionomias afetadas pelas queimas, dos danos na vegetação causadas pelo fogo e pela distribuição sazonal do dado de fogo ativo, nos anos de 2016 a 2018. Os resultados apresentaram que as queimas nas terras indígenas foram deslocadas para a estação do fogo precoce e que a maioria das espécies avaliadas não tiveram danos causados pelas queimas de ambos os períodos. Quando com algum nível de impacto, este foi mais elevado no período de fogo precoce. Por isto, concluiu-se que apesar das queimas estarem deslocadas para o período de fogo precoce, as técnicas de queimas prescritas não abrangem a frequência e histórico das superfícies atingidas para considerar uma abordagem de mosaicos além da redução dos grandes eventos na estação de fogo modal-tardio

Correlations between climatic variations and the spread of the new coronavirus in Brazil

Assim que foi identificada, em pleno inverno boreal, surgiram hipóteses otimistas a respeito do avanço da doença na zona intertropical. Entretanto, meses depois, o Brasil possui mais de 3 milhões de casos confirmados e 100 mil mortes, ocupando a segunda posição mundial, a despeito de enorme subnotificação (11/08/2020). A rápida propagação do vírus em tão pouco tempo tem desafiado pesquisadores de diversas áreas do conhecimento. No âmbito da Climatologia, os primeiros trabalhos publicados no Brasil e no exterior apresentaram resultados ambíguos sobre a relação entre a disseminação da doença e variações na temperatura do ar

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42\ub74% vs 44\ub72%; absolute difference \u20131\ub769 [\u20139\ub758 to 6\ub711] p=0\ub767; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5\u20138] vs 6 [5\u20138] cm H2O; p=0\ub70011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30\ub75% vs 19\ub79%; p=0\ub70004; adjusted effect 16\ub741% [95% CI 9\ub752\u201323\ub752]; p&lt;0\ub70001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0\ub780 [95% CI 0\ub775\u20130\ub786]; p&lt;0\ub70001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status. Funding: No funding

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Anticiclones e umidade relativa do ar: um estudo sobre o clima de Belo Horizonte

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-12T19:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 corpo_do_texto.pdf: 4907116 bytes, checksum: acabcef83f63d9597c465b2263f124cc (MD5) inicio.pdf: 136323 bytes, checksum: 7346cc89ec7ec77e8b31606fdef74251 (MD5) Previous issue date: 5Este trabalho apresenta um estudo climatológico sobre o comportamento da umidade relativa do ar, pressão atmosférica, precipitação e temperatura em Belo Horizonte, para o período 1986-2005. Foram calculadas médias c1imatológicas, anuais, sazonais e mensais e aplicados testes de correlação para identificar relações entre as variáveis. Análises de variabilidade interanual, acompanhadas por testes de regressão linear, indicaram tendências no comportamento das variáveis ao longo do período. Os valores de pressão permitem observar a atuação de 'anticiclones (sistemas de alta pressão atmosférica) sobre a região. Em geral esses sistemas se caracterizam por apresentar forte subsidência atmosférica, condição pouco favorável a ocorrência de chuva e que reduz a umidade relativa do ar. A cidade de Belo Horizonte, a exemplo de quase toda a faixa oriental do país, está sujeita aos efeitos da atuação do Anticiclone ou Alta Subtropical do Atlântico Sul - ASAS. Esse sistema sem i-permanente tem seu centro localizado sobre o oceano entre a América do Sul e o continente africano e atua com mais intensidade e persistência sobre o Brasil durante o inverno/estação seca. Além do ASAS, o Centro-Sul brasileiro é periodicamente invadido por·· Anticiclones Polares Migratórios (APM). Esses últimos geralmente determinam queda de temperatura e umidade por onde passam, exceto quando apresentam trajetória oceânica e mantêm a umidade em patamares normais. O trabalho documenta, por meio de Análises Rítmicas (MONTEIRO, 1969, 1971), a atuação dos dois sistemas em Belo Horizonte em eventos recentes. Por fim, determinou-se a duração c1imatológica (em dias) da maior estiagem do ano, seu comportamento i nteranua I e sua relação com as demais variáveis estudadas. Os resultados mostram que em Belo Horizonte há uma forte correlação inversa (r=-0,6) entre umidade relativa e pressão e que, no período analisado, enquanto a primeira reduziu a segunda aumentou. Essas tendências foram ainda mais nítidas considerando apenas Q inverno. A duração da maior estiagem anual, por sua vez, mostrou forte correlação direta com a pressão no inverno (r=+O,4) e inversa com a precipitação (r=-O,6) e a umidade (r=-0,6) nessa estação. Os dados aqui utilizados provêm da estação convencional e uma automática do 5° Distrito de Meteorologia do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia

A pluviosidade na Amazônia meridional: variabilidade e teleconexões extra-regionais

The Amazon region is one of the longest warm and moist areas of the Planet, with rainfall around 2300 mm/year on average, and up to 5000 mm/year in its western sector. The variability of rainfall in the region receives direct influence of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, such as what occurred in 2005 and 2010 years, when droughts had its genesis related to the warming of surface waters of the Tropical North Atlantic (TNA). The spatial area of study presented in this paper is in the Southern Amazon, on which presents an analysis of rainfall (temporal and spatial variability) from their local determinants and its extra-regional connections (ocean indices). Were treated (descriptive statistics) data from 41 meteorological stations distributed throughout the study area for the 1981-2011 period. The results confirm prior knowledge about the climate of this region of the Amazon, where the rain seasonality is a attribute; and show that rainfall in the Southern Amazon is largely influenced by existing features in the tropical region of the Atlantic Ocean, from where originates important part of the moisture present in the region. These characteristics have significant effects on the fauna, flora, rivers and coastal and urban populations of the area