Memoria y Saber. Factores asociados a las pérdidas poscosecha en cultivos de Naranja Salustiana

En esta investigación se propuso identificar y analizar el uso que dan los patrones de corte al material didáctico y la intencionalidad en la ejecución de sus estrategias educativas para que los recolectores de la fruta aprendan significativamente los conceptos de gran interés y aplicación, tanto en la vida diaria como en los procesos biológicos en campo, y así emitir una respuesta satisfactoria para su contexto laboral. La investigación se fundamenta en un paradigma cualitativo, con el uso de técnicas como la observación semiestructurada y la entrevista. Se concluirá que tanto el patrón de corte como recolectores de la fruta conoce de la importancia del manual didáctico; sin embargo, carecen de elementos para llevarlos a la práctica para el uso fundamental en el proceso de aprendizaje significativo que requiere el operario en el uso del material didáctico

Caracterización y mejoramiento de la harina de Cannavalia ensiformis como alimento balanceado para Oreochromis niloticus

Background. The legume Cannavalia ensiformis is an excellent source of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals to be used in animal production; however, it contains antinutritional factors (ANF), which limit its use for fishes. Goals. In this study 7 flours obtained from the processes of hydration, acid extraction, decorticating, cooking, germination, autoclaving and degreasing of the seeds of C. ensiformis were evaluated as means of elimination of ANF. Methods. The nutritional values of the meals were corroborated with proximal chemical analysis and in vitro digestibility, determining the degree of hydrolysis (GH%) of the flours of C. ensiformis obtained by pH STAT, the release of total amino acids (TAAL, μg mL-1) was calculated, using multienzymatic extracts of stomach and intestine of O.niloticus juveniles. Results. The acidic/alkaline GH values for cooked C. ensiformis flour were 0.76 ± 0.01% / 6.04 ± 0.37%, being significantly higher with respect to the other flours. The values of acidic/alkaline TAAL (mg mL-1) of this cooked flour (0.02 ± 0.006 / 0.40 ± 0.02) were significantly higher in the alkaline phase in relation to the other treatments. Conclusion. We detected that cooked meal of C. ensiformis, allow to be used as a source of protein in diets for Oreochromis niloticus.Antecedentes. La leguminosa Cannavalia ensiformis es una excelente fuente de energía, proteína, vitaminas y minerales para ser utilizada en la alimentación animal; sin embargo, contiene factores antinutricionales (FAN), que limitan su utilización en la alimentación de peces. Objetivo. En este estudio se evaluaron 7 harinas obtenidas de los procesos de hidratación, extracción acida, decorticado, cocción, germinado, autoclave y desgrasado de las semillas de C. ensiformis como medios de eliminación de FAN. Métodos. La calidad nutricional de las harinas fueron corroborados con análisis químicos proximales y digestibilidad in vitro, determinando el grado de hidrolisis (GH, %) de las harinas de C. ensiformis obtenidas mediante pH STAT, se calculó la liberación de aminoacidos totales (AALT, μg mL-1), utilizando extractos multienzimaticos de estómago e intestino de juveniles de O. niloticus. Resultados. Los valores de GH acido/alcalino para la harina de C. ensiformis cocida fue de 0.76 ± 0.01%/ 6.04 ± 0.37%, siendo significativamente mayor con respecto a las otras harinas. Los valores de AALT acido/alcalino (mg mL-1) de esta harina cocida (0.02 ± 0.006/ 0.40 ± 0.02) fueron significativamente mayores en la fase alcalina en relación a los otros tratamientos. Conclusión. Se detecto que la harina cocida de C. ensiformis, permite ser utilizada como fuente de proteína en dietas para Oreochromis niloticus

Sustitución de pasta de soya por Cannavalia ensiformis en el crecimiento, sobrevivencia y actividad enzimática de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Perciforme: Cichlidae)

Cannavalia ensiformis has nutritional characteristics as feed supplement in fish. Is a good source of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals, but it has antinutritional factors which limit its utilization. The effect of Cannavalia inclusion in the growth, survival and enzymatic activity in tilapia were determined. Soy paste was substituted (PS) for boiled C. ensiformis meal (HCe): T1 (0% HCe-100% PS), T2 (25% HCe-75% PS), T3 (50% HCe-50% PS), T4 (75% HCe-25% PS), and T5 (100% HCe-0% PS). Results indicated better growth of O. niloticus with T1. Survival was affected on T2 (91.1%) and 100% (94.4%). The greatest enzymatic activity was on T5 followed by T2 on acid proteases and alkaline; thetrypsine activity was not significant; the chymotrypsinactivity showed greater enzymatic activity on T5, being significant in all treatments. Results indicated that better inclusion level of C. ensiformis was on 25%, growth was inversely proportional to inclusion percentage.Cannavalia ensiformis posee características nutricionales como suplemento alimenticio en peces, es fuente de energía, proteína, vitaminas y minerales, pero posee factores antinutricionales, limitando su utilización. Se determinó el efecto de inclusión de Cannavalia cocida en crecimiento, supervivencia y actividad enzimática digestiva de Tilapia. Se sustituyó pasta de soya (PS) por harina de C. ensiformis cocida (HCe): T1 (0% HCe-100% PS), T2 (25% HCe-75% PS), T3 (50% HCe-50% PS), T4 (75% HCe-25% PS) y T5 (100% HCe-0% PS). Resultados indican el mejor crecimiento O. niloticus fue con T1. La supervivencia se vio afectada con T2 (91.1%) y 100% (94.4%) de HCe. La mayor actividad enzimática fue en T5 seguida de T2 en proteasas ácidas y alcalinas, la actividad de tripsina no fue significante, la actividad de quimotripsina mostró mayor actividad enzimática en T5, siendo significante en todos los tratamientos. Los resultados indican que el mejor nivel de inclusión de C. ensiformis es al 25%, crecimiento fue inversamente proporcional al porcentaje de inclusión.

Dietary protein requirement in common snook (Centropomus undecimalis ) juveniles reared in marine and brackish water/ Requerimiento de proteína dietaría para juveniles de robalo blanco (Centropomus undecimalis) cultivados en agua marina y salobre

A total of 300 Centropomus undecimalis juveniles, with an average initial weight of 3.16 ± 0.28 g and average total length of 7.17 ± 0.22 cm, were reared for eight weeks using a recirculating system to determine the dietary protein requirement for their growth and survival. The e ect of ve experimental diets containing 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60% total protein content and two salinities (brackish water, BW at 5 UPS and marine water, MW at 36 UPS) were assessed. Fish were fed ve times per day at 2.5% of total biomass. All treatments were performed in triplicate, recording the individual weight and total length every 15 d, while weight gain and daily growth rate were recorded at the end of the experiment. Mean weight increased proportionally as protein content increased, with the greatest growth occurring with a 60% protein diet for sh reared in brackish water, and 55% for sh in marine water. We consider that the protein requirement in C. undecimalis juveniles is high; in addition, it differs depending on the salinity, which may be due to the higher energy expenditure derived from the processes of osmoregulation in fish reared in marine water

Dietary protein requirement in common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) juveniles reared in marine and brackish water

ABSTRACT. A total of 300 Centropomus undecimalis juveniles, with an average initial weight of 3.16 ± 0.28 g and average total length of 7.17 ± 0.22 cm, were reared for eight weeks using a recirculating system to determine the dietary protein requirement for their growth and survival. The effect of five experimental diets containing 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60% total protein content and two salinities (brackish water, BW at 5 UPS and marine water, MW at 36 UPS) were assessed. Fish were fed five times per day at 2.5% of total biomass. All treatments were performed in triplicate, recording the individual weight and total length every 15 d, while weight gain and daily growth rate were recorded at the end of the experiment. Mean weight increased proportionally as protein content increased, with the greatest growth occurring with a 60% protein diet for fish reared in brackish water, and 55% for fish in marine water. We consider that the protein requirement in C. undecimalis juveniles is high; in addition, it differs depending on the salinity, which may be due to the higher energy expenditure derived from the processes of osmoregulation in fish reared in marine water.RESUMEN. Un total de 300 juveniles de Centropomus undecimalis con peso inicial promedio de 3.16 ± 0.28 g y longitud de 7.17 ± 0.22 cm se cultivaron por ocho semanas en un sistema de recirculación, con el objetivo de determinar el requerimiento de proteína dietaría en el crecimiento y supervivencia de los juveniles de C. undecimalis. El experimento consideró los niveles de proteína de 40, 45, 50, 55 y 60% en agua salobre, AS a 5 UPS y agua marina, AM a 36 UPS. Los peces se alimentaron cinco veces al día con una ración del 2.5% de biomasa. Los tratamientos se realizaron por triplicado, registrándose el peso individual y la longitud total cada 15 d, mientras que la ganancia en peso y la tasa de crecimiento diario se registró al final del experimento. El peso promedio incrementó con relación al aumento de la proteína, siendo mayor el crecimiento en los peces alimentados con 60% de proteína en agua salobre y con 55% de proteína para los peces cultivados en agua marina. El requerimiento de proteína en el cultivo de juveniles de C. undecimalis es alto, además de diferir en función a la salinidad, lo que puede deberse al mayor gasto energético derivado de los procesos de osmorregulación, de los peces cultivados con agua marina

Outcome of pandemic H1N1 infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

During 2009, a new strain of A/H1N1 influenza appeared and became pandemic. A prospective study was performed to collect data regarding risk factors and outcome of A/H1N1 in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Only verified pandemic A/H1N1 influenza strains were included: 286 patients were reported, 222 allogeneic and 64 autologous recipients. The median age was 38.3 years and the median time from transplant was 19.4 months. Oseltamivir was administered to 267 patients and 15 patients received zanamivir. One hundred and twenty-five patients (43.7%) were hospitalized. Ninety-three patients (32.5%) developed lower respiratory tract disease. In multivariate analysis, risk factors were age (OR 1.025; 1.01–1.04; P=0.002) and lymphopenia (OR 2.49; 1.33–4.67; P<0.001). Thirty-three patients (11.5%) required mechanical ventilation. Eighteen patients (6.3%) died from A/H1N1 infection or its complications. Neutropenia (P=0.03) and patient age (P=0.04) were significant risk factors for death. The 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic caused severe complications in stem cell transplant recipients