222 research outputs found

    Scientific communication (XXI). Basic knowledge to read (and write) a scientific paper (8): Checklists of diagnostic test

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    [EN]: Before a new diagnostic test and before the use in clinical practice, it is necessary to know its validity. And to validate studies of diagnostic tests it is necessary they have methodological rigor in the design and applicability. In diagnostic tests we can consider two checklists: STARD for validity and QUA-DAS for quality. The STARD statement defines a list of 25 questions and one flowchart to be followed for an appropriate study design, given the inclusion of patients, the order of performing the test, the number of patients receiving the test and the selected reference. The QUADAS statement consists, of four key areas including: selection of patients, test under study, reference standards, and patient flow and timetable.[ES]: Ante una nueva prueba diagnóstica, y antes de utilizarla en la práctica clínica, es necesario conocer su validez. Y para que los estudios de pruebas diagnósticas sean válidos, es preciso que tengan rigor metodológico en cuanto a su diseño y aplicabilidad. En las pruebas diagnósticas podemos considerar dos listas guía de comprobación: STARD para la validez y QUADAS para la calidad. La declaración STARD define un listado de 25 preguntas y un diagrama de flujo que debería seguirse para que el diseño de un estudio sea adecuado, teniendo en cuenta la inclusión de los pacientes, el orden de la realización de la prueba, el número de pacientes que reciben la prueba y la prueba de referencia seleccionada. La declaración QUADAS está formada por cuatro áreas fundamentales: a) selección de los pacientes; b) prueba en estudio; c) estándares de referencia, y d) flujo de pacientes y cronograma.Peer Reviewe

    Scientific communication (XXIII). Medical language (1): The use and abuse of abbreviations and acronyms in the medical language and in Pediatrics

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    [EN]: Abbreviations (abbreviations, acronyms and symbols) are widely used in all scientific fields, especially in health sciences, usually used as a resource to gain time and save space. However, they can cause communication problems between professionals from different levels of care and may incur misunderstandings that can lead to serious consequences, especially in drug prescriptions in childhood. This article revises the rules that define their construction and use, describes problems of their use in scientific communication, proposes solutions to avoid acronyms and details some search engines about acronyms on the internet.[EN]: Abbreviations (abbreviations, acronyms and symbols) are widely used in all scientific fields, especially in health sciences, usually used as a resource to gain time and save space. However, they can cause communication problems between professionals from different levels of care and may incur misunderstandings that can lead to serious consequences, especially in drug prescriptions in childhood. This article revises the rules that define their construction and use, describes problems of their use in scientific communication, proposes solutions to avoid acronyms and details some search engines about acronyms on the internet.Peer Reviewe

    Scientific communication (XIX). Basic knowledge to read (and write) a scientific paper (6): checklists of experimental studies

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    [EN]: Clinical trials are considered the gold standard in therapeutic interventions and the key factor in these studies is randomization. The germ of these lists guide comes from the standards applied to randomized clinical trial, the gold standard of biomedical publication, and it needs to be described in detail, accurately and transparently, both the design, implementation, analysis and results. However, the information provided in the publications is often inadequate or inaccurate, and these deficiencies motivated in 1996 the development of the CONSORT statement. We are in the third generation of the CONSORT statement and we review the 25 items that are considered critical and that should be included in any report of a randomized clinical trial. Nonrandomized intervention studies are needed when there are reasons that prevent the realization of a randomized clinical trial, but the TREND checklist should be used to communicate transparently the results. In this article we also review the 22 items of the TREND statement with a brief description of each one.[ES]: El ensayo clínico es el diseño que se considera el «patrón oro» en intervenciones terapéuticas, y el factor clave es la aleatorización. El germen de estas listas guía procede de los estándares aplicados al ensayo clínico aleatorizado, «patrón oro» de la publicación biomédica, y es preciso que se describan detalladamente, con exactitud y transparencia, su diseño, ejecución, análisis y resultados. Sin embargo, la información facilitada en las publicaciones es muchas veces insuficiente o inexacta, carencias que motivaron el desarrollo de la declaración CONSORT en 1996. Nos encontramos en la tercera generación de la declaración CONSORT y revisamos los 25 ítems considerados críticos que, por tanto, deberían incluirse en todo informe de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Cuando existen razones que impidan la realización de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado es necesario efectuar estudios de intervención no aleatorizados, pero para comunicar con transparencia los resultados obtenidos en ellos debe emplearse la lista de comprobación TREND. En este artículo también revisamos los 22 ítems de la declaración TREND con una breve descripción de cada uno.Peer Reviewe

    A phylogenetic hypothesis for Helianthemum (Cistaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula

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    We have sequenced the nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1+5.8S+ITS2) from samples collected in the field belonging to all taxa of Helianthemum in the Iberian Peninsula and analysed the data matrix by both Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood approaches. The phylogenetic hypothesis that we present here provides strong support for the monophyly of the genus and for the above-species systematics (sections and subgenera) considered in Flora iberica. Nevertheless, most species and subspecies in sections Helianthemum and Pseudocistus clustered in ample polytomies with poor resolution and branch support. This topology is interpreted to be consequence of frequent events of hybridization and introgression and/or rapid adaptive radiation in the genus Helianthemum, the most diversified lineage within the family Cistaceae.En este trabajo presentamos una hipótesis filogenética para el género Helianthemum en la Península Ibérica. Para ello hemos recolectado en el campo material de todos los taxones y analizado las secuencias del marcador nuclear ITS (internal transcribed spacer) completo (ITS1+5.8S+ITS2) tanto con métodos Bayesianos como de Máxima Verosimilitud. Nuestra hipótesis muestra gran apoyo para la monofilia de género y para los taxones supra-específicos considerados en Flora iberica (secciones y subgéneros). En cambio, las especies y subespecies de las secciones más extensas (Helianthemum y Pseudocistus) se han agrupado en amplias politomías con muy bajo apoyo. Interpretamos que esta marcador nuclear tiene baja resolución debido a eventos frecuentes de hibridación e introgresión así como de radiación adaptativa en el género Helianthemum, que es el linaje más diversificado de toda la familia Cistaceae

    Una década de investigación en Anales de Documentación (1998-2007) : Aproximación bibliométrica y temática

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    -Gregorio González Alcaide: [email protected] (correo de PDI, privado) -Adolfo Alonso Arroyo: [email protected] -Juan Carlos Valderrama: Zurián:[email protected] realiza un análisis bibliométrico y temático de la revista Anales de Documentación (AD) con motivo del cumplimiento de su décimo aniversario (1998-2007). Se analiza la productividad, colaboración, ámbitos de investigación aborda-dos, visibilidad e impacto de la publicación. AD ha publicado 153 trabajos de inves-tigación, en los que han intervenido 176 autores de 56 instituciones diferentes. AD presenta una paridad entre hombres y mujeres, habiendo participado en la revista instituciones de 12 países diferentes. Los principales temas abordados son Internet y las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación, la Biblioteconomía, la gestión de la información y del conocimiento, la evaluación de la calidad de los servicios, las fuentes de información y el acceso a las mismas y las publicaciones científicas. AD ha recibido 54 citas de 64 autores diferentes, con un 30,7% de trabajos que han sido citados al menos una vez, lo que ha permitido que la revista ocupe una destaca-da posición en el ranking de publicaciones españolas del área de la Biblioteconomía y Documentación.A bibliometric and thematic approach of the journal Anales de Docu-mentación (AD) is presented (1998-2007) on account of the celebration of its tenth anniversary. Productivity, collaborations patterns, research areas, visibility and jour-nal impact are analysed. AD has published 153 research papers presented by 176 au-thors belonging to 56 institutions. AD presents a gender equality, with an institu-tional participation of 12 different countries. The main themes analyzed are Internet and Information and Communication Technologies, Library Science, information management and knowledge management, evaluation and quality of services, infor-mation resources and access to them and scientific publications. AD has received 54 citations corresponding to 64 authors, 30.7% papers being cited. Because of that, AD has reached a relevant position in the ranking of Library and Information Sci-ence Spanish journals

    Barriers to scientific production of the female university teachers of the healt sciences áreas

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    To discover the features associated with personal and professional lives of university teachers, in the area of health sciences in the"Comunidad Valenciana" for the period 2003-2007, to learn if they contribute to a greater or lesser scientific productivity. Were interviewed in depth 30 teachers aged between 30 and 60 years in order to identify factors that hamper productivity. Have more difficulties to publish scientific papers, teachers less productive. Represent obstacles: the labor problems, the difficulty to obtain science projects and to publish in certain journals, to balance teaching and research, care work in hospitals, the maternity and children. Although the two groups of large and small producers point to the same problems in their work and personal life, are perceived more difficulties in the group of less productive. Most offer the same kind of solutions to reduce the gender distance

    Genetic structure and population differentiation of the Mediterranean pioneer spiny broom Calicotome villosa across the Strait of Gibraltar

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    The region around the Strait of Gibraltar is considered to be one of the most relevant 'hot spots' of biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin due to its historical, biogeographical, and ecological features. Prominent among these is its role as a land bridge for the migration and differentiation of species during the Pleistocene, as a consequence of the lowering of sea level and climate changes associated with the Ice Ages. In the present study, we report a multilevel hierarchical investigation of the genetic diversity of Calicotome villosa, a common pioneer legume shrub, at the regional scale. The results of genetic analysis of progeny arrays are consistent with a predominantly outcrossing mating system in all the populations analysed. Geographically, a pattern of population isolation by distance was found, but the Strait accounted for only approximately 2% of the among-population genetic differentiation. Consequently, extensive historical gene flow appears to be the rule for this species in this area. According to the natural history traits of C. villosa (pollination, dispersal, and colonization ability), we hypothesize that gene flow must be strongly influenced by seed dispersal because pollen flow is very limited. Based on the history of trade and land use, cattle and human movements across the Strait must have strongly favoured seed dispersal. We review and discuss these results and compare them with those of other reported studies of genetic and phylogenetic differentiation across the Strait of Gibraltar. It is stressed that colonization ability, which depends upon seed dispersal and life form, can be a more critical factor in gene flow than pollination.Junta de Andalucía PB0551-95, PB1144-98BOS, 2003-07924-CO2-01 to J.A

    Bibliometric profile of the global scientific research on multiple sclerosis (2003–2012)

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    Abstract Background and objectives: The aim of this paper is to analyse the scientific research on multiple sclerosis using a bibliographic analysis of articles published during the period 2003–2012. Methods: The items under study were obtained from the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) database, which was accessed through the Web of Science (WOS) platform. All records with the term ‘multiple sclerosis’ in the title, plus all articles published in the journals Multiple Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis Journal, were analysed. Results: A total of 9778 articles, with 160,966 citations, were retrieved on multiple sclerosis, and the majority of the articles were published in Multiple Sclerosis Journal (n = 1511). The articles were published in journals belonging to 135 different subject areas, with the greatest number of papers falling under the category of clinical neurology. The countries that published the largest numbers of articles were the United States (US) (n = 2786), Italy (n = 1263), the United Kingdom (n = 1147) and Germany (n = 1018). International collaborations produced 20.4% of the papers. Conclusions: We emphasise the progressive growth of publications worldwide, the publication of articles in a wide variety of journals covering numerous subject areas, and the research leadership of Western countries, most notably European countries, the US and Canad

    Análisis de género, productividad científica y colaboración de las profesoras universitarias de ciencias de la salud en la comunitat valenciana (2003-2007).

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    Se presenta la producción científica de las profesoras universitarias en el área de las Ciencias de la Salud de la Comunitat Valenciana durante el quinquenio 2003-2007 aplicando técnicas bibliométricas y realizando un análisis de género con el fin de conocer cuántas llegan a ser grandes productoras de artículos científicos frente a las que no alcanzan estos niveles de productividad e impacto. Se han recuperado 3.739 artículos durante el período estudiado, identificando el género de todos los autores con más de 2 artículos. De estos autores, 2.774 (60,41 %) son hombres y 1.818 (39,59 %) son mujeres, pero si se analizan solamente a los grandes productores, las autoras con más de 10 trabajos únicamente llegan a ser el 26,72 %. Respecto a la colaboración científica hay que resaltar que las mujeres están presentes en todas las redes de al menos 10 autores y en algunos casos su presencia se equipara a la de los hombres. Pese a que la participación de la mujer en todas las áreas del conocimiento es inferior a los hombres, en las Ciencias de la Salud la proporción es menor que en otras áreas técnicas. La aportación de las mujeres al ámbito científico es cada vez mayor pudiendo alcanzar la paridad con el paso de los años

    Análisis de género de la producción científica española sobre drogodependencias en biomedicina 1999-2004

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    Correspondencia a Juan Carlos Valderrama Zurián:[email protected] y objetivo: La preocupación por favorecer la igualdad de género constituye uno de los ámbitos prioritarios objeto de atención por parte de los gobiernos y los organismos gestores de las políticas científicas, destacándose la importancia de incluir la variable del sexo en los análisis evaluativos de la actividad científica y tecnológica. Se realiza un estudio comparativo desagregado por sexos de la producción científica de los investigadores españoles de elevada productividad en el área de las drogodependencias. Material y método: Se ha identificado el sexo de los 338 autores que han publicado más de cuatro artículos distintos durante el período 1999-2004 indexados en las bases de datos IME/Índice Médico Español y SCI/Science Citation Index, analizando comparativamente su productividad y patrones de colaboración considerando la variable sexo. Resultados: Entre los grandes productores (> 9 trabajos) del ámbito de las drogodependencias predominan los hombres (70%) frente a las mujeres (30%). Entre los productores moderados (5-9 trabajos), el 57% de los autores identificados fueron hombres frente a un 43% de mujeres. Se han observado diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres en los grandes productores en cuanto al número de trabajos publicados y personas con las que han colaborado. Conclusiones: En el área de las drogodependencias no existe una igualdad de género, especialmente cuando se considera la élite de la investigación. Resulta fundamental profundizar en estudios que evalúen de forma desagregada por sexos la productividad científica para acometer las medidas correctoras necesarias que permitan alcanzar la igualdad de género.Background and objective: Concern for encouraging gender equality makes it one of the high priority spheres of action for governments and organisations responsible for instigating scientific policies, with particular importance being placed on including the gender variable in evaluative analyses of scientific and technological activity. A comparative study was made, broken down by gender, of the scientific output of Spanish researchers with a high production in the field of substance abuse. Material and method: We identified the gender of 338 authors who had published more than four different articles during the period from 1999-2004 and which were indexed in the IME/Índice Médico Español and the SCI/Science Citation Index databases, making a comparative analysis of their output and collaboration patterns, based on the gender variable. Results: In the area of substance abuse, of those with the highest output (> 9 papers), 70% were men compared with 30% women. Among the average producers (5-9 papers), 57% of the authors identified were men and 43% women. Statistically significant differences were observed between men and women with the highest output with regard to the number of published works and those with whom they had collaborated. Conclusions: There is no gender equality in the area of substance abuse, particularly when considering the top researchers. It is essential to make in-depth studies that evaluate scientific output, broken down by gender, in order to adopt the necessary corrective measures to eliminate the disparity between men and women
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