Analogias e a didática fundamental: um diálogo possível em sala de aula de administração mediada por jogos empresariais?

O presente texto é parte de uma dissertação de mestrado e apresenta um estudo comparativo entre o uso de analogias em sala de aula, por meio de uma metodologia de ensino com analogias e aspectos da didática fundamental. Considera como ponto inicial para análise a compreensão de que os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem ocorrem sob a perspectiva de três dimensões que envolvem o contexto educacional: dimensões técnica, político-social e humana. As duas propostas são comparadas, destacando os pontos em comum entre elas. A pesquisa de campo foi aplicada em sala de aula de Administração de Empresas com a interveniência de Jogos Empresariais. Os resultados indicam possibilidades de diálogo entre o uso sistematizado de analogias e a didática fundamental para a melhoria do processo de ensino e aprendizagem em aulas mediadas por jogos empresariais

Glucocorticoid treatment and endocrine pancreas function: implications for glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and diabetes

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are broadly prescribed for numerous pathological conditions because of their anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and immunosuppressive effects, among other actions. Nevertheless, GCs can produce undesired diabetogenic side effects through interactions with the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Under conditions of excess and/or long-term treatment, GCs can induce peripheral insulin resistance (IR) by impairing insulin signalling, which results in reduced glucose disposal and augmented endogenous glucose production. In addition, GCs can promote abdominal obesity, elevate plasma fatty acids and triglycerides, and suppress osteocalcin synthesis in bone tissue. In response to GC-induced peripheral IR and in an attempt to maintain normoglycaemia, pancreatic β-cells undergo several morphofunctional adaptations that result in hyperinsulinaemia. Failure of β-cells to compensate for this situation favours glucose homeostasis disruption, which can result in hyperglycaemia, particularly in susceptible individuals. GC treatment does not only alter pancreatic β-cell function but also affect them by their actions that can lead to hyperglucagonaemia, further contributing to glucose homeostasis imbalance and hyperglycaemia. In addition, the release of other islet hormones, such as somatostatin, amylin and ghrelin, is also affected by GC administration. These undesired GC actions merit further consideration for the design of improved GC therapies without diabetogenic effects. In summary, in this review, we consider the implication of GC treatment on peripheral IR, islet function and glucose homeostasis.This study was supported by grants from the Spanish foundations Ministry of Science and Innovation (BFU2013-42789; BFU2011-28358)This study was supported by grants from the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD / BI Basic Program and the Albert Renold Fellowship)This study was supported by grants from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq 471397 / 2011-3

Canagliflozin in the treatment of diabetes: Perspectives

The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has surpassed more than 380 million people in 2014 and the projections of new T2DM cases for the next years are not encouraging. At present, combination of diet and exercise do not guarantee an adequate control of glucose homeostasis in T2DM patients. Thus, oral agents that act improving peripheral insulin sensitivity and/or pancreatic beta-cell function are additionally used as monotherapy or in combination. However, many patients still experience inadequate control with the pharmacotherapy ‘weapons’ currently available. Canagliflozin is a novel selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) that lowers blood glucose concentration mainly by augmenting urinary glucose excretion. Besides having an effective action in reducing HbA1c, canagliflozin treatment also may benefit those patients aiming to control body weight, blood pressure and hypoglycemia episodes since this drug positively impact on such parameters. Among the adverse effects, genital infections are the most frequent. Much caution is required for some groups of patients including those elderly and with chronic kidney disease since canagliflozin can worse their quality of life. Given its overall cardiometabolic improvements, canagliflozin seems to be an important ally to the treatment of a selective group of T2DM patients and its efficacy and safety must be kept under monitoring through long-term clinical trials as well as experimental studies to certify whether this class of drug comes to stay among T2DM therapy

Do plano a ação. O envolvimento dos atores no planeamento do espaço urbano. Vale da Amoreira na Moita

Tese de Mestrado em Estudos Urbanos em Regiões Mediterrânicas.O espaço urbano ao longo de sua história tornou-se cada vez mais complexo. As transformações económicas, políticas e sociais foram os principais contributos para diversificação social, dos mercados e produtos. Nos anos 70/80 o urbanismo entra em crise. As cidades demonstram sua fragilidade através das áreas degradadas e abandonas, evidenciando as falhas do planeamento urbano. O desenvolvimento de visões transdisciplinares permitiu avanços nas reflexões acerca dos porquês e, principalmente, sobre quem faz a cidade, reconhecendo os diferentes atores que nela atuam.Tendo em conta a multiplicidade de atores e interesses presentes no espaço urbano, torna-se necessário identificá-los e integrá-los nas decisões sobre o mesmo, de modo a evitar que o espaço se torne reflexo de um jogo de interesses e poderes, no qual o mercado é o principal regulador. Baseado na ação comunicativa, o planeamento colaborativo é a teoria que busca desenvolver métodos para ação participativa em diferentes níveis. Busca redistribuir o papel do Estado entre as diversas agências formalmente organizadas construindo as bases de uma governança urbana partilhada. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se o envolvimento dos atores agiliza a implementação de planos, contribuindo para a construção justa de cidades. Pretende-se através do estudo da intervenção sócio territorial integrada no Vale da Amoreira (Moita, AML),inserida no âmbito do programa experimental Iniciativa Bairros Críticos, compreender as principais dificuldades da ação colaborativa e se ela pode facilitar a passagem coerente do plano a ação.ABSTRACT - Throughout history, the urban space has become increasingly complex. The economic, political and social transformations have contributed largely to the diversification of contemporary society, market and products. In the 70/80s the cities had plunged into an urban crisis. Their weaknesses were exposed by degraded and abandoned areas, an evident result from the failures of urban planning. The development of transdisciplinary perspectives allowed for na improvement in the reflections about the reasons why it failed and, especially, about who builds the city, recognizing the different partaking actors. Taking into consideration the multiplicity of actors and interests involved in the urban space, it is necessary to identify and integrate them in decisions, in order to prevent the urban space to become a stage for games of interests and power relations in which the market is the main regulator. Based on communicative action, collaborative planning is the theory that seeks to develop methods for participatory action at different levels. This theory implies the redistribution of the State's role amongst the various formally organized agencies, laying the foundations for a joint urban governance. The aim of this study is to evaluate if the involvement of actors facilitates the implementation of plans in the construction of more equitable cities. Another purpose is, considering the case study of an integrated social and territorial intervention in Vale da Amoreira (Moita, AML), part of the governmental experimental program “Critical Urban Areas”, to understand the major difficulties involved in collaborative action and whether it might be a factor that facilitates the transition from planning to action

O jardim do chá um caminho para a iluminação

Na cultura japonesa, o jardim é uma das mais elevadas formas de arte. É a transposição da essência da natureza circundante para uma pequena porção de espaço, onde o arranjo de pedras e plantas atinge não só os sentidos, mas também a mente do visitante. Muito influenciados pelo Zen Budismo, princípios como assimetria, simplicidade, maturidade, naturalidade, e serenidade, norteiam os projetos dos jardins japoneses. Existem diferentes tipos de jardim, sendo que cada um tem sua simbologia própria. Um deles é o Jardim do Chá. A partir do século XII, com a chegada do chá verde no Japão e baseada no taoísmo e na filosofia Zen surgiu a Cerimônia do Chá. A partir de então, a Casa do Chá tomou-se o maior elemento nos jardins japoneses e, o jardim, o percurso introdutório a essa cerimônia. O caminho para a Casa do Chá deve ser atravessado lentamente, para dar aos participantes a sensação de paz e de se estar entrando em outro mundo. É um lugar de passagem do mundo exterior para o interior, evocando simplicidade, naturalidade e, além disso, a tranqüilidade e introspecção exigidas pela cerimônia. O jardim do chá é um convite à iluminação e a preparação da alma para a vivência da cultura japonesa.In the Japanese culture, the garden is one of the most elevated art expressions. It is the transposition of the essence of the surrounding nature to a minor portion of space, where the stones placement and plants stimulate not only the senses, but also the visitor’s mind. Vastly influenced by Zen Budhism, principles as assimetry, simplicity, maturity, naturalness and serenity are the main guidance for projects of japanese gardens. There are many different styles of garden and each one has its own simbology. One of them is the Tea Garden. Since the 12th century, with the arrival of the green tea, the tea cerimony became part of the Zen philosophy. The Tea House becomes the major element of the japanese gadens, and, the garden,is the introductory path to this cerimony.The path to the Tea House must be walked slowly to provide peace sensation for the participants while entering in another world. It is a passway from the external world to the inner world, evoquing simplicity, naturalness and also the qualities of serenity and introspection, essential for the tea cerimony.The Tea Garden is an invitation to enlightenment and preparation of the soul to experience the Japanese culture

A atenção aos cuidadores informais/familiares e a estratégia de Saúde da Família: contribuições de uma revisão bibliográfica

This is a literature review on the care provided for family caregivers in the Family Health Program (PSF), based on articles, dissertations, theses, books, monographs, guides and abstracts (from 1997 to 2008) in the Brazilian literature. We found 242 texts on the theme, 55% of which were articles. The year 2005had most publications. Most of the texts were produced by nursing professionals and were concentrated in their journals and higher education institutions in Brazilian's southeastern region. Texts were classified according to 10 themes: caregiver´s perception about the care provided to the family, impact/burden on caregivers, characterization and monitoring of caregivers by professionals, caregiver's routine/activities , theoretical study, literature review, guidance to caregivers, caregivers and their experiences and other themes. In the literature published between 2003 and 2008 only 20 texts were found on the theme of PSF, most of which were on the caregivers perception about daily care, We noted that this is a relatively recent theme in the literature studied, especially with regards to Primary Care. There is need for professionals to approach and carry out further studies in this area.Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre atenção aos cuidadores familiares na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) realizada por levantamento de artigos, dissertações, teses, livros, monografias, guias e resumos (período de 1997 a 2008) na literatura brasileira. Foram encontrados 242 textos sobre o tema, sendo 55% de artigos e 2005 o ano com maior número de publicações. A maioria dos textos foi produzida por profissionais de enfermagem e concentra-se em revistas e faculdades dessa área na região sudeste. Adotou-se 10 temáticas para classificação dos textos: percepção dos cuidadores sobre o cuidado prestado ao familiar; impacto/sobrecarga nos cuidadores; caracterização, acompanhamento de cuidadores por profissionais; cotidiano/fazer do cuidador; estudo teórico; revisão bibliográfica; orientação aos cuidadores; cuidadores e sua experiência e outras temáticas. Foram encontrados apenas 20 textos no contexto do PSF, publicados entre 2003 e 2008, a maioria a respeito da percepção dos cuidadores sobre o cuidado diário ao familiar. Observou-se que se trata de um tema relativamente recente na literatura estudada, principalmente quando abordam essa questão na Atenção Básica e que há necessidade dos profissionais de se aproximarem e aprofundarem os estudos

Maternal anxiety during the process of hearing impairment diagnosis: contributions from psychological intervention

The goal of this paper was to evaluate the level of anxiety of mothers of hearing impaired children through the application of the Sate-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), before and after audiological diagnosis procedures, counseling and psychological orientation were carried out by an interdisciplinary team. The participants were 164 mothers of children under six years old. During the psychological sessions we observed that the group helped the mothers, through sharing of experience among people that have experienced the same problems. The results indicated that the levels of Trait Anxiety and State Anxiety were reduced in a statistically significantly manner on the second application on the STAI. The highest levels of reduction were noticed among married mothers, aged 21 to 30 years, from low-medium social-economical level, incomplete elementary education, with children aged three to four years, with bilateral severe hearing loss.O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o grau de ansiedade de mães de crianças com deficiência auditiva por meio da aplicação do Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE), antes e após os procedimentos de diagnóstico audiológico, aconselhamento e orientação psicológica realizados por uma equipe interdisciplinar. Participaram 164 mães de crianças menores de seis anos de idade. Durante os atendimentos da psicologia foi observado que o grupo proporcionou a troca de experiências e auxiliou as mães que vivenciavam os mesmos problemas. Os resultados indicaram que os níveis de Ansiedade Traço e Ansiedade Estado se apresentaram reduzidos com significância estatística na segunda aplicação do IDATE. Os maiores índices de redução foram constatados para as mães casadas, de 21 a 30 anos de idade, da classe socioeconômica baixa superior, com ensino fundamental incompleto e filhos de três e quatro anos de idade, com perda auditiva profunda bilateral.Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias CraniofaciaisUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Universidade Federal de São CarlosUSP HRACUNIFESPSciEL

Reduced pancreatic β-cell mass is associated with decreased FoxO1 and Erk1/2 protein phosphorylation in low-protein malnourished rats

A low-protein diet leads to functional and structural pancreatic islet alterations, including islet hypotrophy. Insulin-signaling pathways are involved in several adaptive responses by pancreatic islets. We determined the levels of some insulin-signaling proteins related to pancreatic islet function and growth in malnourished rats. Adult male Wistar rats (N = 20 per group) were fed a 17% protein (normal-protein diet; NP) or 6% protein (low-protein diet; LP), for 8 weeks. At the end of this period, blood glucose and serum insulin and albumin levels were measured. The morphometric parameters of the endocrine pancreas and the content of some proteins in islet lysates were determined. The &#946;-cell mass was significantly reduced (&#8773;65%) in normoglycemic but hypoinsulinemic LP rats compared to NP rats. Associated with these alterations, a significant 30% reduction in insulin receptor substrate-1 and a 70% increase in insulin receptor substrate-2 protein content were observed in LP islets compared to NP islets. The phosphorylated serine-threonine protein kinase (pAkt)/Akt protein ratio was similar in LP and NP islets. The phosphorylated forkhead-O1 (pFoxO1)/FoxO1 protein ratio was decreased by 43% in LP islets compared to NP islets (P < 0.05). Finally, the ratio of phosphorylated-extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (pErk1/2) to total Erk1/2 protein levels was decreased by 71% in LP islets compared to NP islets (P < 0.05). Therefore, the reduced &#946;-cell mass observed in LP rats is associated with the reduction of phosphorylation in mitogenic-related signals, FoxO1 and Erk proteins. The cause/effect basis of this association remains to be determined.FAPES