Customary Law in Hungary: Courts, Texts, and the Tripartitum

This is a comprehensive treatment of the history of customary law in Hungary, from the thirteenth to the twentieth centuries. Hungary’s customary law was described by Stephen Werbőczy in 1517 in the extensive law code known as the Tripartitum. As Werbőczy explained, Hungarian law derived from the interplay of Romano-canonical law, statute, written instruments and court judgments. It was also responsive, however, to popular conceptions of the law’s content and application. Publication of the Tripartitum was intended to make the law more certain. Nevertheless, its text was customized by actual use, in the same way as the statute laws of the kingdom were adjusted as a consequence of court practice and of errors in their transmission. The reputation attaching to the Tripartitum and Hungary’s insulation from the Roman Law Reception meant that the Tripartitum retained authority until well into the nineteenth century. Attempts to replace it foundered and it was the principal text on which the courts and the schools relied, not only in Habsburg Hungary but also in Transylvania. Courts, nevertheless, continued to modify its provisions in the interests of rendering judgments that they deemed either to be right or in conformity with developing practices. Even after the establishment of a parliamentary form of government in the nineteenth century, a strong customary element attached to Hungarian law, which was amplified by the association of customary law with national traditions. The consequence was that Hungary maintained aspects of a customary law regime until the Communist period

Effects of calcium paste as a seed coat on growth, yield and enzymatic activities in NaCl stressed-pea plants

The present study was conducted to study the effect of coating the seeds with calcium paste before sowing, on plant growth, yield, the contents of some antioxidants and the activities of carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase in the Pisum sativum L. leaves under the influence of NaCl stress. NaCl stress reduced plant growth, photosynthetic pigment levels, ascorbic acid and calcium contents, and the activities of carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase. In contrast, proline and sodium contents were increased. These results are negatively reflected in the yield components. However, seed coating with calcium paste reduced the toxic effects of NaCl on plant growth and yield by increasing leaf pigments, ascorbic acid, proline contents and enzymatic activities. This study clearly highlights the effects of calcium paste as a seed coat in mitigating the phytotoxicity of NaCl stress in pea plants.Keywords: Calcium paste, carbonic anhydrase, nitrate reductase, ascorbate, growth, yield, Pisum sativum

A proposed model for frequency tuned antennas used in mobile communication systems

The antenna is considered as one of the most fundamental elements in wireless communication systems, especially in mobile devices. Desirable specifications of antennas include covering wide range of operating frequencies, while maintaining high quality of system performance over the whole range of operating frequencies. Therefore, the ability of tuning the resonant frequency of the antenna without altering its physical dimensions would be highly recommended in up-and-coming designs of antennas in mobile devices. This research work proposes a model for tuning the operating frequency of the inverted F-antenna over a reasonably wide range of frequencies, via altering the electromagnetic properties of its ferrite material. In this proposed model, it will be shown that the electronic control of the permeability of the ferrite material of the antenna leads effectively to a significant shift in its resonant frequency, and hence to an overall improvement in the performance of the communication system

A case of parasitic leiomyoma with serpentine omental blood vessels: An unusual variant of uterine leiomyoma

AbstractLeiomyoma is considered as the commonest benign tumor of the genital tract. This case represents a multiparous woman who presented with a history of progressive abdominal distension. On examination, a mobile ill-defined centrally located intra-abdominal mass was noticed. At laparotomy a parasitic fibroid attached to the greater omentum was seen. Resection of the mass and partial omentectomy was performed which was reported as leiomyoma by the histological examination. The patient had an uneventful post-operative recovery. She has been followed up for twelve months with no evidence of recurrence or residual disease

Adrenocortical status in infants and children with sepsis and septic shock

AbstractBackgroundThe benefit from corticosteroids remains controversial in sepsis and septic shock and the presence of adrenal insufficiency (AI) has been proposed to justify steroid use.AimTo determine adrenal state and its relation with outcome in critical children admitted with sepsis to PICU of Cairo University, Children Hospital.MethodsThirty cases with sepsis and septic shock were studied. Cortisol levels (CL) were estimated at baseline and after high-dose short ACTH stimulation in those patients and in 30 matched controls. Absolute AI was defined as basal CL<7μg/dl and peak CL<18μg/dl. Relative AI was diagnosed if cortisol increment after stimulation is <9μg/dl.ResultsOverall mortality of cases was 50%. The mean CL at baseline in cases was higher than that of controls (51.39μg/dl vs. 12.83μg/dl, p=0.000). The mean CL 60min after ACTH stimulation was higher than that of controls (73.38μg/dl vs. 32.80μg/dl, p=0.000). The median of %rise in cases was lower than that of controls (45.3% vs. 151.7%). There was a positive correlation between basal and post-stimulation cortisol with number of system failure, inotropic support duration, mechanical ventilation days, and CO2 level in blood. There was a negative correlation between basal and post stimulation cortisol with blood pH and HCO3.ConclusionRAI is common with severe sepsis/septic shock. It is associated with more inotropic support and has higher mortality. Studies are warranted to determine whether corticosteroid therapy has a survival benefit in children with RAI and catecholamine resistant septic shock

Growth, heavy metal status and yield of salt-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants as affected by the integrated application of bio-, organic and inorganic nitrogen-fertilizers

Efforts have been made to use the integrated application of bio-, organic and inorganic nitrogen (N)-fertilizers to decrease waste accumulation, and to minimize nutrient losses and yield contamination with heavy metals for human nutrition and health. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of integrated applications of organic manures, bio-fertilizer and/or mineral-N fertilizers on growth, yield, some chemical constituents and shoot and yielded grain heavy metal contents of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sakha 93) plants grown under salinity stress (ECe = 7.84 dS m-1). Results showed that, the treatment comprised of ⅓NH4NO3 (55 kg N ha-1) + Cerealine (bio-fertilizer; 4 Kg ha-1) + cattle manure (10 t ha-1) was found to be most effective, producing the best status of growth characteristics, osmoprotectants concentrations, essential nutrient contents, shoot heavy metal concentrations, and grain yield and its content of heavy metals compared to the all other treatments. The treatment comprised of Cerealine (4 Kg ha-1) + cattle manure (20 t ha-1) was occupied the second order. We can recommend to use the integrated treatment of ⅓NH4NO3 (55 kg N ha-1) + Cerealine (bio-fertilizer; 4 Kg ha-1) + cattle manure (10 t ha-1) effectively in saline soils to improve wheat growth and yield with minimum contents of heavy metals for human health and nutrition

Computational Methods for Network-Aware and Network-Agnostic IoT Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs)

In this paper, we tackle the design issue of optimal deployment of low power wide area network (LPWAN) Internet of Things (IoT) gateways (GWs). We classify GW deployment problem into two different categories, i.e., network-aware and network-agnostic. In network-aware GW deployment, precise location of IoT end devices (EDs) is known and thus the design questions are: 1) where to place GWs, i.e., to maximize received signal strength and 2) given received signal strength which GW should the ED be associated with to balance the network load. For, Network-agnostic GW deployment, same questions are answered in the absence of precise knowledge for the locations of EDs. For the network-aware deployment we borrow tools from machine-learning such as ${K}$ -means clustering for determination of optimal GW location. Subsequently, the link assignment problem is presented as an integer linear programming optimization. We prove that the network-agnostic GW deployment principle of placement of GWs at highest altitudes, if applied automatically, may lead to very deteriorated network performance increasing the network operational costs. Consequently, we introduce the concept of network-agnostic GW placement algorithm whereby the location of GWs can be estimated without prior knowledge of specific locations of EDs and we use it as a guiding principle to design spatial algorithm for finding GW locations. We show that spatial algorithm can, in principle, provide effective GW placement suggestions compared to a network-aware method such as ${K}$ -means clustering. We show that using a computational method for GW placement like ${K}$ -means or spatial algorithm, has a potential of creating competitive network performance using just the same number of GWs, thus cutting down the financial costs of the network and increasing its sustainability

DNA integrity in diagnosis of premalignant lesions

Carcinogenesis is a dynamic process which traditional biopsying can not keep up with. Saliva as fluid in the vicinity of the tumor can offer better insights to this process. This study aimed to identify the accuracy of salivary DNA integrity index in differentiating between oral premalignant lesions and oral cancer. This phase II diagnostic test accuracy study included 93 patients divided into three groups: 30 oral cancer patients, 33 patients with oral premalignant lesions divided into 21 oral lichen planus patients and 12 patients with leukoplakia and 30 normal individuals who acted as controls. Oral rinse was collected from all participants and they all underwent conventional visual and tactile examination, and patients with oral lesions had the diagnosis confirmed by histopathological examination of tissue biopsy. DNA integrity index was determined as the ratio between ALU247 and ALU115 measured by qPCR. There was no statistically significant difference regarding ALU115, ALU247 and DNA integrity index between the three study groups. The index was significantly higher in the oral cancer group than the oral lichen planus patients, while no significant difference was found between the oral cancer and the leukoplakia cases. The DNA integrity index sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 73%, 45%, 55% and 65% respectively. Salivary DNA integrity index showed poor diagnostic abilities in differentiating between the oral cancer and premalignant lesions

La radiación-γ mantiene la calidad de la mantequilla de vaca

This investigation aims to study the use of gamma irradiation for keeping the quality of cows’ butter. Fresh butter samples were exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 0, 2.5 and 5 kGy followed by refrigerated storage and the effects of these treatments on the microbiological aspects and lipid characteristics of butter samples were studied. Moreover, fatty acid profiles and unsaponifiable matter constituents were determined by gas chromatographic analysis, while the stability of butter was determined by rancimat. The results indicated that gamma irradiation at 2.5 kGy dose reduced the counts of total bacteria, lipolytic bacteria, coliforms, molds and yeasts, however, these counts gradually increased during cold storage. Also irradiation at 5 kGy dose greatly reduced the total bacterial count which gradually increased upon storage, while completely eliminated the other determined microorganisms. Irradiation treatments increased the acid value and peroxide value of butter, while the iodine number was not altered. Moreover, gas chromatographic analysis showed that gamma irradiation slightly increased the total volatile fatty acids, total saturated fatty acids and total hydrocarbons, while slightly decreased the total unsaturated fatty acids and total sterols. In addition, irradiation of butter decreased its stability as determined by rancimat and upon storage of both irradiated and non irradiated butter samples, the acid value gradually increased, while a flexuous changes in the peroxide value were observed. The present study proved that 2.5 and 5 kGy gamma irradiation doses could keep the quality of cows’ butter and increased its shelf life at 4±1ºC for 8 and 12 weeks as compared to 4 weeks for non irradiated butter (based on the visual appearance of mold growth on the surface of samples) without any effects on its sensory properties.En esta investigación se estudió el uso de la radiación gamma para mantener la calidad de la mantequilla de vaca. Muestras de mantequilla fresca fueron expuestas a diferentes dosis de radiación gamma (0, 2.5 y 5 kGy) y guardadas en frío. Se determinaron parámetros microbiológicos y lipídicos, incluyendo el análisis de ácidos grasos y constituyentes del insaponificable mediante cromatografía gaseosa, y la estabilidad de la mantequilla por rancimat. Los resultados indicaron que la radiación gamma a la dosis de 2.5 kGy reducía el número total de bacterias, bacterias lipolíticas, coliformes, hongos y levaduras, aunque la recuperación era gradual con el tiempo de almacenamiento. A la dosis de 5 kGy, el efecto sobre el número total de bacterias fue más acentuado, hubo una recuperación gradual, pero el resto de microorganismos estudiados desaparecieron completamente. Los tratamientos de irradiación aumentaron la acidez y los peróxidos en la mantequilla, sin alterar el índice de yodo. La radiación gamma aumentó ligeramente el total de ácidos grasos volátiles, de ácidos grasos saturados y de hidrocarburos; mientras que redujo ligeramente el total de ácidos grasos insaturados y el de esteroles. La irradiación de la mantequilla afectó negativamente su estabilidad, aumentando gradualmente la acidez tanto en las muestras irradiadas como en las no irradiadas. Con el presente estudio se demuestra que la irradiación gamma a las dosis de 2.5 y 5 kGy podría mantener la calidad de la mantequilla de vaca e incrementar su vida útil si se mantiene a 4±1ºC durante 8 y 12 semanas cuando se compara con la mantequilla no irradiada y almacenada durante 4 semanas (basado en la apariencia visual del crecimiento de hongos en la superficie de las muestras), sin efectos sobre las propiedades sensoriales