Synthesis and reactions of novel thienotetrahydroisoquinoline compounds

Chloroacetylation of 1-Aminocarboxamide 1 afforded the chloroacetylamino 2 which underwent ring closure upon reflux with acetic anhydride to afford the chloromethylpyrimido 3. The latter compounds under went nucleophilic substitution reactions with various primary and secondary amines which underwent Mannich reaction to give theimidazopyrimidothienoisoquinolines 5a-c. Compound 1 react with phthalic an hydride in acetic acid and DMF to afford phthalimido and isoindolopyrimido thienotetrahydroisoquinoline 6, 7 respectively. Reaction with diethylmalonate afforded the pyrimidocarboxylate 8 which react with hydrazine hydrate to give the carbohydrazide 9 which react with triethyl orthoformate for synthesis of triazepinopyrimido 10. Reaction of 1 with carbon disulfide in pyridine afforded the pyrimidinethione 13 which underwent double Mannich reaction to give the novel thiadiazinopyrimido compound 14. Reaction of tetrahydroisoquinolinethione 15 with 2-chloromethylbenzimidazole followed by Thorpe-Zeigler cyclization to afford the aminobenzoimidazolyl 18 which proved its versatility as starting material for synthesis of novel heterocycliccompounds 19-22. Imidazole; triazepine; thiadiazine; pyrimidine; synthesis; reactions

SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF SOME NEW MORPHOLINYLPYRROLYL TETRAHYDROTHIENO[2,3-c] ISOQUINOLINE

 Hydrazinolysis of ethyl-5-morpholin-4-yl-1-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]iso- quinoline-2-carboxylate  afforded the corresponding carbo- hydrazide which upon condensation with aromatic aldehydes, acetyl acetone and/ or carbon disulfide gave N- arylidinecarbohydrazide, dimethylpyrazolyl methanone, [1,3,4]oxadiazole-2-thiol and its ethyl ester derivatives respectively. Diazotization of the carbohydrazide with nitrous acid afforded the corresponding carboazide which was used for synthesis of carbamates and substituted carboxamides. Boiling of the carboazide in dry xylene afforded the pyrazinone compound which was used for synthesis of other heterocycles containing pyrrolopyrazinothinoisoquinoline moeity

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCING PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS NBRC-14160 FROM DELTA SOIL IN EGYPT

Pseudomonas fluorescens is one of plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) members which has a major role in the biological control of bacterial and fungal pathogens. A research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Qalubyia governorate intended for isolating Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate, efficient in antibiotic production. For isolation, soil samples, collected from Faculty of agriculture farm soil at depth of 10 cm, were screened for Ps. fluorescens isolates by cultivating the samples on King’s medium. Out of 30 isolates obtained, one was selected based on its high lipid content, because of the lipid’s correlation to antibiotic production and inhibitory activity. The selected isolate was characterized by morphological, physiological, biochemical tests then confirmed its identity by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and named Pseudomonas fluorescens NBRC-14160 16srRNA. Morphological features showed that Ps. fluorescens NBRC-14160 has large colonies, with irregular surface, opaque, producing green fluorescent pigments. Cells are short rods, Gram negative. Physiological features indicated that Ps. fluorescens NBRC-14160 is capable of producing several exoenzymes including lipase, phospholipase, protease and chitinase and incapable of producing amylase and cellulase. Carbohydrate fermentation tests were positive for fructose, glucose, D-glucose, and galactose, forming acids after 24 hrs. of incubation at 30˚C. However, it loses the ability to ferment inositol, mannose, xylose, mannitol, raffinose and rhamnose sugars. It’s lipid content was 607 mg/g. Inhibitory activity was studied by the method of disc diffusion test against nine pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive bacterial pathogen towards P. fluorescens NBRC-14160 with a 4.5 cm zone of inhibition, while Serratia marscens had 0.95 cm zone. Aspergillus niger and Alternaria solani were the most sensitive fungal pathogens towards P. fluorescens NBRC-14160 with 2.55 and 2.5 cm of inhibition zone, respectively. However, the most resistant fungus was Fusarium oxysporum with 1.3 cm inhibition zone

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Testing between Competing Models of Sharecropping.

The "Marshallian" approach assumes a prohibitively hight cost of monitor ing the sharecropper's activities while the "monitoring" approach a rgues that landlords stipulate and effectively monitor sharecroppers' activities. The author presents new evidence using detailed data col lected from eight Indian villages. Most tenants own some land of thei r own; this provides a controlled environment in studying the impact of contractual arrangements. The differences in input and output inte nsities on owned minus sharecropped land of the same household are fo und to be sizable and significant, suggesting a rejection of the moni toring approach and supporting the notion of the "Marshallian produc tive inefficiency" of sharecropping. Copyright 1987 by University of Chicago Press.

Recent Microextraction Techniques for Determination and Chemical Speciation of Selenium

Research designed to improve extraction has led to the development of microextraction techniques (ME), which involve simple, low cost, and effective preconcentrationof analytes in various matrices. This review is concerned with the principles and theoretical background of ME, as well as the development of applications for selenium analysis during the period from 2008 to 2016. Among all ME, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was found to be most favorable for selenium. On the other hand, atomic absorption spectrometry was the most frequently used instrumentation. Selenium ME have rarely been coupled to spectrophotometry and X-ray spectrophotometry methods, and there is no published application of ME with electrochemical techniques. We strongly support the idea of using a double preconcentration process, which consists of microextraction prior to preconcentration, followed by selenium determination using cathodic stripping voltammetry (ME-CSV). More attention should focus on the development of accurate, precise, and green methods for selenium analysis

Protection by low-dose γ radiation on doxorubicin-induced nephropathy in rats pretreated with curcumin, green tea, garlic or l-carnitine

The protective potentials of a single exposure to 0.3 Gy of γ radiation alone or with previous treatment with certain natural products with antioxidants activity, namely curcumin (50 mg/kg, i.p.), green tea (300 mg/kg, p.o.), garlic (100 mg/kg, p.o.) or l-carnitine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced nephropathy in rats were studied. Natural products were administered daily for 14 successive days followed by single i.p. injection of DOX (5 mg/kg). Rats were subjected to whole body γ radiation, 1 day before DOX administration. Serum levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterols, total proteins and albumin as well as renal concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca) were determined. Irradiation provided significant protections against DOX-induced changes in all measured parameters, except renal Ca content. All the test natural products significantly improved radiation-induced protection against renal lipid peroxidation. l-Carnitine markedly augmented the protection toward changes in renal GSH, NO and Ca concentrations. Curcumin increased the protection toward changes in serum albumin and renal GSH and NO concentrations, while garlic increased the protection toward changes in serum LDL-C level. It could be concluded that low-dose γ radiation could provide prophylaxis against DOX-induced nephropathy which might be augmented by the use of certain natural antioxidants