Annual report RUAF - Cities farming for the future, South and South East Asia Region, 2008

Urban agriculture / Training / Development projects / India / Sri Lanka

Bonding-Compatible Corrosion Inhibitor for Rinsing Metals

A corrosion-inhibiting mixture of compounds has been developed for addition to the water used to rinse metal parts that have been cleaned with aqueous solutions in preparation for adhesive bonding of the metals to rubber and rubber-like materials. Prior to the development of this corrosion inhibitor, the parts (made, variously, of D6AC steel and 7075-T73 aluminum) were rinsed by deionized water, which caused corrosion in some places on the steel parts especially in such occluded places as sealing surfaces and threaded blind holes. An integral part of the particular cleaning process is the deposition of a thin layer of silicates and silane primers that increase the strength of the adhesive bond. The corrosion inhibitor is formulated, not only to inhibit corrosion of both D6AC steel and 7075- T73 aluminum, but also to either increase or at least not reduce the strength of the adhesive bond to be formed subsequently. The corrosion inhibitor is a mixture of sodium silicate and sodium tetraborate. The sodium silicate functions as both a corrosion inhibitor and a bond-strength promoter in association with the silane primers. The sodium tetraborate buffers the rinse solution at the optimum pH and functions as a secondary corrosion inhibitor for the steel. For a given application, the concentrations of sodium silicate and sodium tetraborate must be chosen in a compromise among the needs to inhibit corrosion of steel, inhibit corrosion of aluminum, and minimize cosmetic staining of both steel and aluminum. Concentrations of sodium silicate in excess of 150 parts of silicon per million parts of solution (ppm Si) have been determined to enhance inhibition of corrosion; unfortunately, because of the alkalinity of sodium silicate, even a small concentration can raise the pH of the rinse solution to such a level that aluminum becomes corroded despite the inhibiting effect. The pH of a solution that contains a high concentration of sodium silicate can be decreased by adding sodium tetraborate. On the other hand, the addition of sodium tetraborate increases the concentration of dissolved solids to such a high level that cosmetic staining becomes an issue

How does war affect gorillas?

The Grauer's gorilla is one of two subspecies of the Eastern gorilla. The whole population of Grauer's gorilla lives in the forests of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in Central Africa. In 1996 a civil war started in the DRC, which killed 5 million people. We wanted to find out what effect the civil war had on the population of Grauer's gorillas. We carried out field surveys and used data from local communities and park rangers and found that the global population had decreased by 77% since 1994. There are now only 3,800 individuals left. This makes this ape Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and now makes both gorilla species (Eastern and Western) and all four subspecies Critically Endangered. This is the highest category of threat before extinction

GEOCHEMISTRY OF METALS AND NUTRIENTS IN FINE-SEDIMENT PORE WATER IN BLACKTAIL AND SILVER BOW CREEKS, BUTTE, MONTANA

Historical mining in Butte, Montana has impacted surface and groundwater in the area. Although most of the known sources of contaminants of concern have been removed or remediated, metal loading continues to occur in lower Blacktail Creek and upper Silver Bow Creek. Possible sources of metals include upwelling groundwater and interaction between the stream and metal-rich sediment in the stream bed. To assess the importance of fine sediment as a source (or sink) for metals, this investigation used sediment pore water diffusion samplers (“peepers”). Peepers are ideal for capturing cm-scale vertical gradients in pore water chemistry across the sediment-water interface. Eight peepers were deployed in Blacktail Creek, six in Silver Bow Creek, one in Grove Gulch, and two in shallow ponds south of lower Blacktail Creek. Four piezometers were also installed in the ponds. Pore-water samples extracted from the peepers and piezometers were analyzed for dissolved trace metals, major ions, alkalinity, and selected nutrients. Sediment samples collected at some peeper sites were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and handheld X-ray fluorescence. Dissolved Fe, Mn, As, PO43-, and HCO3- ions generally increased with depth below the sediment-water interface. Pore-water concentrations of up to 609 mg/L Fe, 55 mg/L Mn, and 1.0 mg/L As were measured at depth. These increases in concentration were attributed to reductive dissolution of Fe- and Mn-oxides, coupled to organic matter decay, in the anoxic environment of the fine-grained sediment. Dissolved Fe2+ could then reprecipitate as Fe-oxides once it reached an aerobic environment and potentially reabsorb dissolved As. PO43- and HCO3- concentrations could also be influenced by sulfate reducing bacteria and oxidation of organic matter. Copper, lead, and zinc behaved differently, and generally had very low concentrations in the deeper samples. Bacterial sulfate reduction was indicated by trace levels of H2S, enough to precipitate Cu, Pb and Zn as sulfide minerals. In some cases, there was a zone where dissolved Cu and Zn concentrations increased sharply in the top 2–6 cm of the sediment column. This could indicate oxidation of fine-grained sulfide minerals in the near-surface pore water. Fick’s first law was used to quantify the diffusive flux of dissolved arsenic from the sediment pore water into Silver Bow and Blacktail Creeks. The same approach was use to estimate downwards diffusion of dissolved Zn from Grove Gulch into its own sediment. The calculated fluxes are negligible for the streams due to the short residence time of water passing through Lower Area One. However, upwards diffusion of As into the shallow ponds could lead to a build-up in dissolved As over time. Although the stream sediments act as a temporary metal sink, the fine sediments are eventually dispersed back into the main stream during periods of high streamflow and bioturbation. Periodic removal of these fine-grained sediments from the stream channels would reduce the total load of metals flowing down Silver Bow Creek

Hypertension on Dialysis Patients: Influence Factor and Management

Background: Hypertension remains prevalent and challenging to manage in patients with chronic kidney disease, even with renal replacement therapy. This phenomenon arises from a variety of components that contribute to and create an intricate process of interaction, which can impact the regulation of blood pressure in patients undergoing dialysis. The main goal of this overview is to find the influence factor of blood pressure in dialysis patients and investigate ways to better control their blood pressure by incorporating these factors.Methods: The literature searches using online databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: After doing an online search, we found 32 articles were relevant to this review topic. Discussion: There are additional elements that contribute to hypertension in dialysis patients, including excessive volume, heightened arterial rigidity, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sleep apnea, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and the administration of recombinant erythropoietin.Conclusion: Enhanced comprehension of the numerous variables at issue can effectively enhance blood pressure regulation in this group of individuals

PENGARUH BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TERHADAP KENAKALAN REMAJA PADA SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH DI JAKARTA TIMUR

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh big five personality yang terdiri dari openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, dan neuroticism terhadap kenakalan remaja. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan skala psikologi. Peneliti menggunakan instrumen kenakalan remaja yang diadopsi, yaitu Self Reported Delinquency dan menggunakan instrumen kepribadian big five personality yang telah diadaptasi, yaitu Big Five Inventory. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 161 responden yaitu siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) di Jakarta Timur dengan teknik non-probability sampling. Metode pengolahan data yang digunakan dalam pengujian hipotesis adalah analisis regresi ganda. Hasil penelitian ini adalah terdapat pengaruh antara big five personality yang terdiri dari openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, dan neuroticism secara bersama-sama terhadap kenakalan remaja pada siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan di Jakarta Timur. Besar pengaruh yang dihasilkan antara big five personality yang terdiri dari openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, dan neuroticism secara bersama-sama terhadap kenakalan remaja adalah 0,106 (10,6%) dan sisanya 89,4% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain. This research was conducted to find out the influence of the big five personality consisting of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism towards juvenile delinquency. This study use quantitative methods with psychological scale. This research using instruments that juvenile delinquency was adopted, namely the Self Reported Delinquency and the use the big five personality instrument that have been adapted, i.e. Big Five Inventory. The sample in this study was 161 respondents i.e. Vocational High School students in East Jakarta with nonprobability sampling purposive techniques. A method of data processing used in hypothesis testing is multiple regression analysis.The results of the research there is influence between big five personality consisting of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are jointly towards juvenile delinquency at a Vocational High School students in East Jakarta. The significant influence that produced between big five personality consisting of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are jointly towards juvenile delinquency is 0.106 (10.6%) and the remaining 89.4% are influenced by other factors

Crystal fabric orientation of the NEGIS ice stream

IASC Workshop on the dynamics and mass budget of Arctic glacier

EVALUASI STABILITAS PARAMETER KALIBRASI KAMERA DJI PHANTOM 4 PRO DALAM MISI PEMOTETRAN (Studi Kasus: Kelurahan Tunggul Wulung, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang)

Saat ini drone digunakan untuk pemetaan cepat untuk membuat peta dengan wilayah yang relatif kecil atau gambar udara format kecil. Kamera drone memiliki batasan pada Parameter Orientasi Interior (IOP) yang tidak stabil, sama seperti kamera non-metrik lainnya. Kamera non-metrik menghasilkan gambar berkualitas tinggi, tetapi karena performa geometriknya yang buruk, pemosisian gambar yang dihasilkan menjadi kurang tepat. Dengan mengkalibrasi kamera yang digunakan, kualitas geometris foto bisa ditingkatkan. Kalibrasi kamera dilakukan dengan metode self-calibration bundle adjustment dalam sfm (structur from montion) dan metode bundle adjustment klasik. Teknik pemotetran yang digunakan yaitu pemotetran normal dan pemotetran konvergen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kestabilan parameter kalibrasi kamera drone Dji Phantom 4 Pro dan pengaruhnya terhadap akurasi geometris yang diperoleh. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh Drone Dji Phantom 4 memiliki parameter kalibrasi yang tidak stabil dimana hasil kalibrasi tiap metode pemotetran dan metode kalibrasi memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan. Perbedaan parameter kalibrasi yang dihasilkan mengakibatkan ketelitian geometrik yang dihasilkanpun berbeda. Pemotetran normal dengan metode sfm memperoleh ketelitian geometrik yang paling teliti yaitu 0.27 m