The Barents and Chukchi Seas: Comparison of two Arctic shelf ecosystems

This paper compares and contrasts the ecosystems of the Barents and Chukchi Seas. Despite their similarity in a number of features, the Barents Sea supports a vast biomass of commercially important fish, but the Chukchi does not. Here we examine a number of aspects of these two seas to ascertain how they are similar and how they differ. We then indentify processes and mechanisms that may be responsible for their similarities and differences.Both the Barents and Chukchi Seas are high latitude, seasonally ice covered, Arctic shelf-seas. Both have strongly advective regimes, and receive water from the south. Water entering the Barents comes from the deep, ice-free and "warm" Norwegian Sea, and contains not only heat, but also a rich supply of zooplankton that supports larval fish in spring. In contrast, Bering Sea water entering the Chukchi in spring and early summer is cold. In spring, this Bering Sea water is depleted of large, lipid-rich zooplankton, thus likely resulting in a relatively low availability of zooplankton for fish. Although primary production on average is similar in the two seas, fish biomass density is an order of magnitude greater in the Barents than in the Chukchi Sea. The Barents Sea supports immense fisheries, whereas the Chukchi Sea does not. The density of cetaceans in the Barents Sea is about double that in the Chukchi Sea, as is the density of nesting seabirds, whereas, the density of pinnipeds in the Chukchi is about double that in the Barents Sea. In the Chukchi Sea, export of carbon to the benthos and benthic biomass may be greater. We hypothesize that the difference in fish abundance in the two seas is driven by differences in the heat and plankton advected into them, and the amount of primary production consumed in the upper water column. However, we suggest that the critical difference between the Chukchi and Barents Seas is the pre-cooled water entering the Chukchi Sea from the south. This cold water, and the winter mixing of the Chukchi Sea as it becomes ice covered, result in water temperatures below the physiological limits of the commercially valuable fish that thrive in the southeastern Bering Sea. If climate change warms the Barents Sea, thereby increasing the open water area via reducing ice cover, productivity at most trophic levels is likely to increase. In the Chukchi, warming should also reduce sea ice cover, permitting a longer production season. However, the shallow northern Bering and Chukchi Seas are expected to continue to be ice-covered in winter, so water there will continue to be cold in winter and spring, and is likely to continue to be a barrier to the movement of temperate fish into the Chukchi Sea. Thus, it is unlikely that large populations of boreal fish species will become established in this Arctic marginal sea. © 2012 Elsevier B.V

Transversalidad y transcomplejidad en la unidad básica integradora proyecto del programa de estudios políticos y gobierno de la Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela, Sede Bolívar, año 2016

This article aims to reflect on transversality and transcomplexity as conceptions of life and academy, which at the same time are proposed in the Bolivarian University of Venezuela curriculum and have been discarded in the recent management of the Political Studies and Government Program (PEPYG) of Bolívar seat. It corresponds to a previous result of a research which is circumscribed to the transcomplex paradigm, it has been carried out since 2009 with a qualitative approach based on ethnographic and phenomenological-hermeneutical methods and also investigative techniques such as participant observation, the open interview and project focus groups of the same Program. The results, at the beginning, were evident in some project groups progress who presented them with the greatest epistemological clarity and emphasis on the cross-sectional nature of the Community Project, and transcomplex as multi-level, systemic understanding; however, throughout the last years, many of these achievements have declined, affecting the postulates of the Basic Integrative Unit Project (UBIP) of the Political Studies Program and the University itself, which are opposed to its vision and mission.Cet article a pour objectif de réfléchir à la transversalité et à la transcomplexité en tant que conceptions de la vie et du monde universitaire, qui sont à leur tour proposées dans les programmes de l’Université bolivarienne du Venezuela et ont été reléguées à la récente gestion du Programme de Études politiques et gouvernement (PEPYG) du siège de Bolívar. Il correspond à un fruit distinct d'une recherche qui, circonscrite au paradigme transcomplexe, est menée depuis 2009 avec une approche qualitative basée sur des méthodes ethnographiques et phénoménologiques-herméneutiques et des techniques d'investigation telles que l'observation participante, l'entretien ouvert et des groupes de discussion de projet du même programme. Les résultats, au début, étaient évidents dans les progrès de certains groupes de projet qui présentaient des projets avec une plus grande clarté épistémologique et en mettant l'accent sur la nature transversale du projet communautaire et transcomplexe en tant que compréhension systémique à plusieurs niveaux; Cependant, au cours des dernières années, nombre de ces réalisations ont décliné, affectant les postulats du projet d’unité d’intégration de base (UBIP) du programme d’études politiques et de l’Université elle-même, qui sont contraires à sa vision et à sa mission.Este artículo tiene como propósito reflexionar en torno a la transversalidad y la transcomplejidad como concepciones de la vida y la academia, que a su vez se proponen en el currículo de la Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela y han sido relegadas dentro de la reciente gestión del Programa de Estudios Políticos y Gobierno (PEPYG) de la sede Bolívar. El mismo corresponde a un aparte fruto de una investigación que, circunscrita al paradigma transcomplejo, se lleva a cabo desde el año 2009 con un enfoque cualitativo fundamentado en los métodos etnográfico y fenomenológico-hermenéutico y en técnicas investigativas como la observación participante, la entrevista abierta y grupos focales de proyecto del mismo Programa. Los resultados, al inicio, se evidenciaron en los avances de algunos grupos de proyecto que presentaron proyectos con mayor claridad epistemológica y énfasis en el carácter transversal de Proyecto Comunitario, y transcomplejo en tanto comprensión multinivelada, sistémica; sin embargo, durante los últimos años, muchos de esos logros decayeron, incidiendo en que los postulados de la Unidad Básica Integradora Proyecto (UBIP) del Programa de Estudios Políticos y de la Universidad misma sean contrarios a su visión y misión

De la aplanadora global a la sensualidad de lo local: dos miradas de un mismo ojo

The present test on globalization tries to show that two effects exist inside the same globalizator process. One, the leveller effect that has this one on the companies and his cultures, nevertheless, I try to put in relief as second, the prevalence of the subjectivities to the interior of the houses, the cities, the villages, as belonging and intrinsic affectibilities of the being that difficultly can be demolished. For it I have resorted to the bibliographical review of social and literary thinkers, to histories of life and references concerning social events that have acted as counter power, with which I base raise till now described.El presente ensayo sobre globalización pretende mostrar que existen dos efectos dentro de un mismo proceso globalizador, uno, el efecto aplanador que tiene ésta sobre las sociedades y sus culturas, no obstante, pretendo poner en relieve como segundo, la preponderancia de las subjetividades al interior de las casas, las ciudades, los pueblos, como pertenencia y afectividades intrínsecas del ser que difícilmente pueden ser demolidas. Para ello he recurrido a la revisión bibliográfica de pensadores sociales y literatos, a historias de vida y referencias en torno a acontecimientos sociales que han actuado como contrapoderes, con lo cual fundamento el planteo hasta ahora descrito

Strategies on the development of ecotourism at the Bucharest in the context of globalization

Tourism is the activity practiced by people who want new experiences, free to visit places much dreamed of in order to improve their inner state through everything that is beautiful, both visually and thanks to the accumulated interests that simultaneously lead to the enrichment of general knowledge and not no more. Tourism has become an important area that has succeeded in establishing itself in Romania, having positive effects on the economy, increasing labor force, capitalizing on the tourism potential, demand and tourism supply are constantly increasing, all of which implicitly improve living conditions. Bucharest, the main political, economic and administrative center of Romania, has become one of the most important national tourist destinations over the years, but much is due exclusively to business tourism, and leisure tourism is somewhat smaller. This article brings to the fore the ecotourism principles developed at the level of the capital of Romania, in the context of a globe that is subject to globalization and its socio-economic impact. There will be identified the main strategic directions for creating a well-developed ecotourism standard for economic progress and attracting a large flow of tourists in this early-stage form of development. This article brings to the fore the principles of ecotourism developed at the level of the capital of Romania, in the international context of globalization and its socio-economic impact. The main strategic directions for creating a well-developed ecotourism standard for economic progress and attracting a flow of tourists into this form of early development will be identified