Livre expressão do empregado nas redes sociais online frente ao poder patronal: uma análise da exposição crítica em face do empregador

Perante o cenário de diluição dos âmbitos público e privado, como também dos âmbitos laboral e extralaboral, frente aos avanços tecnológicos, surge o seguinte problema: de que forma o poder patronal poderá limitar a livre expressão do empregado nas redes sociais frente ao contrato de trabalho, primordialmente quando desta deriva uma crítica contra empregador? Para analisar o problema, parte-se de uma abordagem dedutiva para que o exposto possa ser aplicado concretamente, enquanto que o método de interpretação centra-se no sistemático-teleológico, porquanto considera-se o ordenamento jurídico como um conjunto de normas organizadas a satisfazer determinados fins. Como técnica de pesquisa, analisa-se o corpo doutrinário, bem como o arcabouço legislativo, primordialmente centrado na CLT, além dos preceitos constitucionais e da jurisprudência brasileira, por sua vez, centrada em análise de julgados do Tribunal Regional da 4ª Região, cujo corte temporal é de 01.06.2010 a 01.06.2019. Percebe-se que o empregado, ainda que se submeta a um contrato de trabalho, não perde a autonomia, nem os direitos fundamentais dos quais seja titular. Em síntese, os direitos fundamentais não são exercidos da mesma maneira, dentro e fora do ambiente de trabalho, sendo necessária, nas redes, maior cautela do empregado. Noutros termos, o empregado não perde o seu direito de crítica em face do empregador, observados os limites dos crimes contra a honra, em cujas hipóteses poderá haver dispensa por justa causa. Ainda assim, demostra-se a importância de manter-se o vínculo empregatício por meio de canais de comunicação empregado-empregador, visando ao cultivo de um ambiente laboral saudável.Perante o cenário de diluição dos âmbitos público e privado, como também dos âmbitos laboral e extralaboral, frente aos avanços tecnológicos, surge o seguinte problema: de que forma o poder patronal poderá limitar a livre expressão do empregado nas redes sociais frente ao contrato de trabalho, primordialmente quando desta deriva uma crítica contra empregador? Para analisar o problema, parte-se de uma abordagem dedutiva para que o exposto possa ser aplicado concretamente, enquanto que o método de interpretação centra-se no sistemático-teleológico, porquanto considera-se o ordenamento jurídico como um conjunto de normas organizadas a satisfazer determinados fins. Como técnica de pesquisa, analisa-se o corpo doutrinário, bem como o arcabouço legislativo, primordialmente centrado na CLT, além dos preceitos constitucionais e da jurisprudência brasileira, por sua vez, centrada em análise de julgados do Tribunal Regional da 4ª Região, cujo corte temporal é de 01.06.2010 a 01.06.2019. Percebe-se que o empregado, ainda que se submeta a um contrato de trabalho, não perde a autonomia, nem os direitos fundamentais dos quais seja titular. Em síntese, os direitos fundamentais não são exercidos da mesma maneira, dentro e fora do ambiente de trabalho, sendo necessária, nas redes, maior cautela do empregado. Noutros termos, o empregado não perde o seu direito de crítica em face do empregador, observados os limites dos crimes contra a honra, em cujas hipóteses poderá haver dispensa por justa causa. Ainda assim, demostra-se a importância de manter-se o vínculo empregatício por meio de canais de comunicação empregado-empregador, visando ao cultivo de um ambiente laboral saudável

Volatile constituents and behavioral change induced by Cymbopogon winterianus leaf essential oil in rodents

Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (‘Java citronella’) is an important essential oil yielding aromatic grass cultivated in India and Brazil and its volatile essential oils extracted from its leaves are used in perfumery, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and flavoring industries. However, there is no report on any psychopharmacological study of C. winterianus leaf essential oil (LEO) available to date. In this study, the pharmacological effects of the LEO were investigated in animal models and its phytochemical analyses. GC-MS analysis showed a mixture of monoterpenes, as citronellal (36.19%), geraniol (32.82%) and citronellol (11.37%). LEO exhibited an inhibitory effect on the locomotor activity of mice, an antinociceptive effect by increasing the reaction time in the writhing and capsaicin tests. All doses induced a significant increase in the sleeping time of animals not having modified however, the latency. The LEO did not alter the remaining time of the animals on the rota-rod apparatus. These results suggest a possible central effect.Key words: Cymbopogon winterianus, essential oil, CNS, behavioral effects, analgesic

Factors affecting phage D29 infection: a tool to investigate different growth states of mycobacteria

Bacteriophages D29 and TM4 are able to infect a wide range of mycobacteria, including pathogenic and non pathogenic species. Successful phage infection of both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria can be rapidly detected using the phage amplification assay. Using this method, the effect of oxygen limitation during culture of mycobacteria on the success of phage infection was studied. Both D29 and TM4 were able to infect cultures of M. smegmatis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) grown in liquid with aeration. However when cultures were grown under oxygen limiting conditions, only TM4 could productively infect the cells. Cell attachment assays showed that D29 could bind to the cells surface but did not complete the lytic cycle. The ability of D29 to productively infect the cells was rapidly recovered (within 1 day) when the cultures were returned to an aerobic environment and this recovery required de novo RNA synthesis. These results indicated that under oxygen limiting conditions the cells are entering a growth state which inhibits phage D29 replication, and this change in host cell biology which can be detected by using both phage D29 and TM4 in the phage amplification assay

Utilisation of an operative difficulty grading scale for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background A reliable system for grading operative difficulty of laparoscopic cholecystectomy would standardise description of findings and reporting of outcomes. The aim of this study was to validate a difficulty grading system (Nassar scale), testing its applicability and consistency in two large prospective datasets. Methods Patient and disease-related variables and 30-day outcomes were identified in two prospective cholecystectomy databases: the multi-centre prospective cohort of 8820 patients from the recent CholeS Study and the single-surgeon series containing 4089 patients. Operative data and patient outcomes were correlated with Nassar operative difficultly scale, using Kendall’s tau for dichotomous variables, or Jonckheere–Terpstra tests for continuous variables. A ROC curve analysis was performed, to quantify the predictive accuracy of the scale for each outcome, with continuous outcomes dichotomised, prior to analysis. Results A higher operative difficulty grade was consistently associated with worse outcomes for the patients in both the reference and CholeS cohorts. The median length of stay increased from 0 to 4 days, and the 30-day complication rate from 7.6 to 24.4% as the difficulty grade increased from 1 to 4/5 (both p < 0.001). In the CholeS cohort, a higher difficulty grade was found to be most strongly associated with conversion to open and 30-day mortality (AUROC = 0.903, 0.822, respectively). On multivariable analysis, the Nassar operative difficultly scale was found to be a significant independent predictor of operative duration, conversion to open surgery, 30-day complications and 30-day reintervention (all p < 0.001). Conclusion We have shown that an operative difficulty scale can standardise the description of operative findings by multiple grades of surgeons to facilitate audit, training assessment and research. It provides a tool for reporting operative findings, disease severity and technical difficulty and can be utilised in future research to reliably compare outcomes according to case mix and intra-operative difficulty

Community Analysis of Chronic Wound Bacteria Using 16S rRNA Gene-Based Pyrosequencing: Impact of Diabetes and Antibiotics on Chronic Wound Microbiota

Background: Bacterial colonization is hypothesized to play a pathogenic role in the non-healing state of chronic wounds. We characterized wound bacteria from a cohort of chronic wound patients using a 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing approach and assessed the impact of diabetes and antibiotics on chronic wound microbiota. Methodology/Principal Findings: We prospectively enrolled 24 patients at a referral wound center in Baltimore, MD; sampled patients' wounds by curette; cultured samples under aerobic and anaerobic conditions; and pyrosequenced the 16S rRNA V3 hypervariable region. The 16S rRNA gene-based analyses revealed an average of 10 different bacterial families in wounds-approximately 4 times more than estimated by culture-based analyses. Fastidious anaerobic bacteria belonging to the Clostridiales family XI were among the most prevalent bacteria identified exclusively by 16S rRNA gene-based analyses. Community-scale analyses showed that wound microbiota from antibiotic treated patients were significantly different from untreated patients (p = 0.007) and were characterized by increased Pseudomonadaceae abundance. These analyses also revealed that antibiotic use was associated with decreased Streptococcaceae among diabetics and that Streptococcaceae was more abundant among diabetics as compared to non-diabetics. Conclusions/Significance: The 16S rRNA gene-based analyses revealed complex bacterial communities including anaerobic bacteria that may play causative roles in the non-healing state of some chronic wounds. Our data suggest that antimicrobial therapy alters community structure-reducing some bacteria while selecting for others

Enhancing sampling design in mist-net bat surveys by accounting for sample size optimization

The advantages of mist-netting, the main technique used in Neotropical bat community studies to date, include logistical implementation, standardization and sampling representativeness. Nonetheless, study designs still have to deal with issues of detectability related to how different species behave and use the environment. Yet there is considerable sampling heterogeneity across available studies in the literature. Here, we approach the problem of sample size optimization. We evaluated the common sense hypothesis that the first six hours comprise the period of peak night activity for several species, thereby resulting in a representative sample for the whole night. To this end, we combined re-sampling techniques, species accumulation curves, threshold analysis, and community concordance of species compositional data, and applied them to datasets of three different Neotropical biomes (Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado). We show that the strategy of restricting sampling to only six hours of the night frequently results in incomplete sampling representation of the entire bat community investigated. From a quantitative standpoint, results corroborated the existence of a major Sample Area effect in all datasets, although for the Amazonia dataset the six-hour strategy was significantly less species-rich after extrapolation, and for the Cerrado dataset it was more efficient. From the qualitative standpoint, however, results demonstrated that, for all three datasets, the identity of species that are effectively sampled will be inherently impacted by choices of sub-sampling schedule. We also propose an alternative six-hour sampling strategy (at the beginning and the end of a sample night) which performed better when resampling Amazonian and Atlantic Forest datasets on bat assemblages. Given the observed magnitude of our results, we propose that sample representativeness has to be carefully weighed against study objectives, and recommend that the trade-off between logistical constraints and additional sampling performance should be carefully evaluated