Why Some Interfaces Cannot be Sharp

A central goal of modern materials physics and nanoscience is control of materials and their interfaces to atomic dimensions. For interfaces between polar and non-polar layers, this goal is thwarted by a polar catastrophe that forces an interfacial reconstruction. In traditional semiconductors this reconstruction is achieved by an atomic disordering and stoichiometry change at the interface, but in multivalent oxides a new option is available: if the electrons can move, the atoms don`t have to. Using atomic-scale electron energy loss spectroscopy we find that there is a fundamental asymmetry between ionically and electronically compensated interfaces, both in interfacial sharpness and carrier density. This suggests a general strategy to design sharp interfaces, remove interfacial screening charges, control the band offset, and hence dramatically improving the performance of oxide devices.Comment: 12 pages of text, 6 figure

Direct Detection of Pure ac Spin Current by X-Ray Pump-Probe Measurements.

PublishedThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from American Physical Society via the DOI in this record.There is another ORE record for this article: http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22513Despite recent progress in spin-current research, the detection of spin current has mostly remained indirect. By synchronizing a microwave waveform with synchrotron x-ray pulses, we use the ferromagnetic resonance of the Py (Ni_{81}Fe_{19}) layer in a Py/Cu/Cu_{75}Mn_{25}/Cu/Co multilayer to pump a pure ac spin current into the Cu_{75}Mn_{25} and Co layers, and then directly probe the spin current within the Cu_{75}Mn_{25} layer and the spin dynamics of the Co layer by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. This element-resolved pump-probe measurement unambiguously identifies the ac spin current in the Cu_{75}Mn_{25} layer.We acknowledge helpful discussion with Arne Brataas. Financial support from the National Science Foundation Grant No. DMR-1504568, Future Materials Discovery Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No. 2015M3D1A1070467), and Science Research Center Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No. 2015R1A5A1009962) is gratefully acknowledged. The Advanced Light Source is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Award No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. J. D. acknowledges fellowship support from the China Scholarship Council and National Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51331006. L. R. S., P. S. K., and R. J. H. acknowledge the support of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through Grants No. EP/J018767/1 and No. EP/ I038470/1. G. v. d. L. acknowledges support of the EPSRC through Grant No. EP/J018767/1

Metabolic Effects of Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition Infusion in Adults and Children

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141574/1/ncp0277.pd

Effects of trade barriers on development and growth

A basic definition of trade barriers could be ‘all factors that influence the amount of goods and services shipped across international borders’ (Feenstra and Taylor, 2017a). This definition is quite neutral, and it needs to be understood that the word ‘barrier’ has a negative connotation, which means that a trade barrier would be any instrument that limits or restrict trade between countries, as opposed to free trade. It is generally accepted that free trade is good for productivity and economic growth, but it is also true that most countries apply some sort of trade restriction, for different reasons

Measuring V_ub and probing SUSY with double ratios of purely leptonic decays of B and D mesons

The experimental prospects for precise measurements of the leptonic decays B_u -> tau nu / mu nu, B_s -> mu+ mu-, D -> mu nu and D_s -> mu nu / tau nu are very promising. Double ratios involving four of these decays can be defined in which the dependence on the values of the decay constants is essentially eliminated, thus enabling complementary measurements of the CKM matrix element V_ub with a small theoretical error. We quantify the experimental error in a possible future measurement of |V_ub| using this approach, and show that it is competitive with the anticipated precision from the conventional approaches. Moreover, it is shown that such double ratios can be more effective than the individual leptonic decays as a probe of the parameter space of supersymmetric models. We emphasize that the double ratios have the advantage of using |V_ub| as an input parameter (for which there is experimental information), while the individual decays have an uncertainty from the decay constants (e.g. f_B_s), and hence a reliance on theoretical techniques such as lattice QCD.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figure

Efficient coupling of photons to a single molecule and the observation of its resonance fluorescence

Single dye molecules at cryogenic temperatures display many spectroscopic phenomena known from free atoms and are thus promising candidates for fundamental quantum optical studies. However, the existing techniques for the detection of single molecules have either sacrificed the information on the coherence of the excited state or have been inefficient. Here we show that these problems can be addressed by focusing the excitation light near to the absorption cross section of a molecule. Our detection scheme allows us to explore resonance fluorescence over 9 orders of magnitude of excitation intensity and to separate its coherent and incoherent parts. In the strong excitation regime, we demonstrate the first observation of the Mollow triplet from a single solid-state emitter. Under weak excitation we report the detection of a single molecule with an incident power as faint as 150 attoWatt, paving the way for studying nonlinear effects with only a few photons.Comment: 6 figure

RNA editing signature during myeloid leukemia cell differentiation

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are key proteins for hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and for survival of differentiating progenitor cells. However, their specific role in myeloid cell maturation has been poorly investigated. Here we show that ADAR1 is present at basal level in the primary myeloid leukemia cells obtained from patients at diagnosis as well as in myeloid U-937 and THP1 cell lines and its expression correlates with the editing levels. Upon phorbol-myristate acetate or Vitamin D3/granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-driven differentiation, both ADAR1 and ADAR2 enzymes are upregulated, with a concomitant global increase of A-to-I RNA editing. ADAR1 silencing caused an editing decrease at specific ADAR1 target genes, without, however, interfering with cell differentiation or with ADAR2 activity. Remarkably, ADAR2 is absent in the undifferentiated cell stage, due to its elimination through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, being strongly upregulated at the end of the differentiation process. Of note, peripheral blood monocytes display editing events at the selected targets similar to those found in differentiated cell lines. Taken together, the data indicate that ADAR enzymes play important and distinct roles in myeloid cells

Kank Is an EB1 Interacting Protein that Localises to Muscle-Tendon Attachment Sites in Drosophila

Little is known about how microtubules are regulated in different cell types during development. EB1 plays a central role in the regulation of microtubule plus ends. It directly binds to microtubule plus ends and recruits proteins which regulate microtubule dynamics and behaviour. We report the identification of Kank, the sole Drosophila orthologue of human Kank proteins, as an EB1 interactor that predominantly localises to embryonic attachment sites between muscle and tendon cells. Human Kank1 was identified as a tumour suppressor and has documented roles in actin regulation and cell polarity in cultured mammalian cells. We found that Drosophila Kank binds EB1 directly and this interaction is essential for Kank localisation to microtubule plus ends in cultured cells. Kank protein is expressed throughout fly development and increases during embryogenesis. In late embryos, it accumulates to sites of attachment between muscle and epidermal cells. A kank deletion mutant was generated. We found that the mutant is viable and fertile without noticeable defects. Further analysis showed that Kank is dispensable for muscle function in larvae. This is in sharp contrast to C. elegans in which the Kank orthologue VAB-19 is required for development by stabilising attachment structures between muscle and epidermal cells