Вміст аніонних жирних кислот у зябрах коропа за різної концентрації міді та цинку у воді

Copper and Zinc belongs to essential elements with wide spectrum of physiological and biochemical action in fishes organism. In particular, the role of Zinc in growth, development and reproduction of fishes is established, both as its influence on protein and nucleic acids metabolism and genes activity regulation. Zinc, as well as Copper, is involved in enzyme link of antioxidant system. Besides, Copper takes part in erythropoiesis, energetic metabolism and immune system functioning. Abovementioned elements also influence on desaturases activity. The desaturases are catalyzing transformation of single bond between Carbon atoms in acyl chain into double unsaturated bond. At the same time, Zinc and Copper influence on fatty acids metabolism in fishes body and its tissue and organic specificity remains insufficiently explored. Presented results testified, that at concentration of Zinc and Copper in the water, equated to 1 MPL (maximum permitted level), Zinc accumulates in the gills in greater extend, than Copper. In its turn, at two maximum permitted levels in the water, Copper accumulates in the gills more, than Zinc. Increasing of Zinc and Copper concentration in carp’s gills has led to the increasing of total concentration of anionic forms of fatty acids, those are barely metabolically active. The increasing of anionic fatty acids was caused by saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Wherein, the ratio of anionic polyunsaturated fatty acids of ω–3 family to anionic polyunsaturated fatty acids of ω–6 family didn’t changed.Мідь та Цинк належать до життєво важливих для риб елементів з широким спектром впливу на фізіолого–біохімічні процеси в їх організмі. Зокрема, встановлена роль Цинку у процесах росту, розвитку та розмноження риб, обміну білків і нуклеїнових кислот та регуляції активності генів. Цинк, як і Мідь, задіяний у ферментній ланці системи антиоксидантного захисту; крім того, Мідь бере участь у процесах еритропоезу, енергетичного обміну та функціонуванні імунної системи. Вказані елементи впливають також на активність десатураз – ферментів, що каталізують перетворення одинарного звʼязку між атомами вуглецю в ацильних ланцюгах у подвійний ненасичений звʼязок. Разом з тим, вплив Цинку та Міді на обмін жирних кислот в організмі риб та його органно–тканинні особливості залишається маловивченим. Результати, представлені у даній роботі, свідчать, що за однієї граничної концентрації Цинку і Міді у воді, Цинк накопичується в зябрах більшою мірою, ніж Мідь. В свою чергу, за двох граничнодопустимих концентрацій у воді, Мідь накопичується в зябрах більшою мірою, ніж Цинк. Збільшення концентрації Цинку та Міді в зябрах коропа призводило до збільшення в них загальної концентрації малоактивних в метаболічному відношенні аніонних жирних кислот за рахунок насичених, мононенасичених і поліненасичених жирних кислот. При цьому не змінювалось відношення аніонних поліненасичених жирних кислот родини ω–3 до аніонних поліненасичених жирних кислот родини ω–6

Applying an extended theory of planned behaviour to predict breakfast consumption in adolescents

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breakfast skipping increases during adolescence and is associated with lower levels of physical activity and weight gain. Theory-based interventions promoting breakfast consumption in adolescents report mixed findings, potentially because of limited research identifying which determinants to target. This study aimed to: (i) utilise the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to identify the relative contribution of attitudes (affective, cognitive and behavioural) to predict intention to eat breakfast and breakfast consumption in adolescents and (ii) determine whether demographic factors moderate the relationship between TPB variables, intention and behaviour. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Questionnaires were completed by 434 students (mean 14+/-0.9 years) measuring breakfast consumption (0-2, 3-6 or 7 days), physical activity levels and TPB measures. Data were analysed by breakfast frequency and demographics using hierarchical and multinomial regression analyses. RESULTS: Breakfast was consumed everyday by 57% of students, with boys more likely to eat a regular breakfast, report higher activity levels and report more positive attitudes towards breakfast than girls (P<0.001). The TPB predicted 58% of the variation in intentions. Overall, the model was predictive of breakfast behaviours (P<0.001), but the relative contribution of TPB constructs varied depending on breakfast frequency. Interactions between gender and intentions were significant when comparing 0-2- and 3-6-day breakfast eaters only highlighting a stronger intention-behaviour relationship for girls. CONCLUSIONS: Findings confirm that the TPB is a successful model for predicting breakfast intentions and behaviours in adolescents. The potential for a direct effect of attitudes on behaviours should be considered in the implementation and design of breakfast interventions

Adjuncts or adversaries to shared decision-making? Applying the Integrative Model of behavior to the role and design of decision support interventions in healthcare interactions

Background A growing body of literature documents the efficacy of decision support interventions (DESI) in helping patients make informed clinical decisions. DESIs are frequently described as an adjunct to shared decision-making between a patient and healthcare provider, however little is known about the effects of DESIs on patients' interactional behaviors-whether or not they promote the involvement of patients in decisions. Discussion Shared decision-making requires not only a cognitive understanding of the medical problem and deliberation about the potential options to address it, but also a number of communicative behaviors that the patient and physician need to engage in to reach the goal of making a shared decision. Theoretical models of behavior can guide both the identification of constructs that will predict the performance or non-performance of specific behaviors relevant to shared decision-making, as well as inform the development of interventions to promote these specific behaviors. We describe how Fishbein's Integrative Model (IM) of behavior can be applied to the development and evaluation of DESIs. There are several ways in which the IM could be used in research on the behavioral effects of DESIs. An investigator could measure the effects of an intervention on the central constructs of the IM - attitudes, normative pressure, self-efficacy, and intentions related to communication behaviors relevant to shared decision-making. However, if one were interested in the determinants of these domains, formative qualitative research would be necessary to elicit the salient beliefs underlying each of the central constructs. Formative research can help identify potential targets for a theory-based intervention to maximize the likelihood that it will influence the behavior of interest or to develop a more fine-grained understanding of intervention effects. Summary Behavioral theory can guide the development and evaluation of DESIs to increase the likelihood that these will prepare patients to play a more active role in the decision-making process. Self-reported behavioral measures can reduce the measurement burden for investigators and create a standardized method for examining and reporting the determinants of communication behaviors necessary for shared decision-making

Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

Addressing complexity in DNS security: a case for improved security status indication based on a trust model

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for Internet resources, but in some instances the protocol's insecurity threatens its proper functionality. To overcome this, the use of DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) has been proposed, and a partial deployment exists today. For the case of mobile devices that are connected to the Internet, there is possible use of different DNS servers at each location, with infrastructure warranting different degrees of trust for disaster management. In this work we propose the development of a trust model for DNS for cases of trust management. In particular we focus on different name resolution scenarios and protocols. Finally we propose a new user interface showing DNS security status, so that users can become aware of potentially compromised web sites