Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects and safety of Ziziphus mistol fruits

Ziziphus mistol Griseb. (Rhamnaceae), popularly known as ?mistol,? is widely distributed throughout Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. Its fruit is consumed in different forms in several argentinean communities. The present study was carried out to investigate the medicinal properties and safety of Ziziphus mistol (mistol) fruits ethanol and aqueous extracts and arrope. Antinociceptive activity was assessed using the formalin, acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick tests in rats. Anti-inflammatory effects were determinated through carrageenan induced edema test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, in rats. The safety was evaluated with test of acute toxicity (48 hs) and sub-chronic toxicity (91 days).All extracts (1,000 mg / kg body weight) showed significant inhibition (P <0.05) in the pain and inflammation experimentally induced. In the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 4000 and 8000 mg/kg b.w., produced no mortality and no clinical signs of disease were observed after 48 h. In the sub-chronic toxicity study the extracts no caused significant visible signs of toxicity, nor mortality for 91 consecutive days of treatment. No significant differences were found in relative organ weights and hematological and biochemical parameters between the treated groups and the control groups. Aqueous extract and arrope of Z. mistol fruits could be good source of antinociceptive and anti-inflamatory agents because of its good activity and safety.Fil: Reynoso, Marcos Adrian. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Biología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Daud, Adriana del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Belizán, María Melina Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Farmacia. Cátedra de Farmacoquímica; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez Riera, Alvaro. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Vera, Nancy Roxana. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Farmacia. Cátedra de Farmacoquímica; Argentin

Identificación bioinformática de Polimorfismos de Nucleótido Simple (PNSs) en genes candidatos para las características de la fibra en alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

The objective was to identify and predict the location of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to fiber growth. The study was carried out with 31 keratin genes (KRT9, KRT12, KRT13, KRT14, KRT16, KRT18, KRT20, KRT25, KRT1, KRT3, KRT5, KRT6a, KRT6b, KRT6c, KRT7, KRT8, KRT71, KRT80, KRT31, KRT32, KIRT40, KRT81, KRT82, KRT10, KRT15, KRT17, KRT19, KRT2, KRT4, KRT79 y KRT83) associated with wool, fiber and hair characteristics in sheep, goat and human, respectively. These gene sequences were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Using databases and bioinformatics tools such as the Conserved Domains database, Spling and Megablast, unique sequences for each gene were identified. These sequences were compared to the reference genomes: Vicugna_pacos-2.0.2 and Vi_pacos_V1.0 to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this manner, 48 SNPs were identified and localized in both intronic and exonic regions of 22 genes. We did not identify SNPs for KRT10, KRT15, KRT17, KRT19, KRT2, KRT4, KRT6b, KRT6c and KRT79. Comparative analysis among the four species studied allow to identify that sequences for KRT81, KRT6b and KRT6c genes are not present in the alpaca reference genomes. Similarly, genes KRT31, KRT14, KRT81, KRT83, KRT6b and KRT6c are not present in the ovine reference genome and, genes KRT31, KRT13, KRT81, KRT83, KRT6b and KRT6c are not present in the goat reference genome.El objetivo fue identificar y predecir la ubicación de polimorfismos de nucleótido simple (PNSs) en genes relacionados al crecimiento de la fibra. Se realizó el estudio con un total de 31 genes de queratina (KRT9, KRT12, KRT13, KRT14, KRT16, KRT18, KRT20, KRT25, KRT1, KRT3, KRT5, KRT6a, KRT6b, KRT6c, KRT7, KRT8, KRT71, KRT80, KRT31, KRT32, KIRT40, KRT81, KRT82, KRT10, KRT15, KRT17, KRT19, KRT2, KRT4, KRT79 y KRT83) asociados con las características de lana, fibra y pelo en ovinos, cabras y humanos respectivamente, cuyas secuencias fueron encontradas en la base de datos del National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mediante el uso de bases de datos y herramientas bioinformáticas como el Conserved Domains Database, Spling, y MegaBlast se logró ubicar secuencias únicas para cada gen. Estas secuencias fueron comparadas con los genomas de referencia Vicugna_pacos-2.0.2 y Vi_pacos_V1.0. Se identificaron 48 PNSs ubicados en las regiones intrónicas y exónicas de 22 genes. No se localizaron PNSs en o alrededor de los genes KRT10, KRT15, KRT17, KRT19, KRT2, KRT4, KRT6b, KRT6c y KRT79. El análisis comparativo entre las cuatro especies estudiadas permitió observar que los genes KRT81, KRT6b y KRT6c no están presentes en los genomas de referencia de alpaca, los genes KRT31, KRT14, KRT81, KRT83, KRT6b y KRT6c no están presentes en el genoma de referencia de ovino y los genes KRT31, KRT13, KRT81, KRT83, KRT6b y KRT6c no están presentes en el genoma de referencia de cabra

Manejo del nitrógeno en la caña de azúcar de la zona centro de Veracruz, México

The excessive use of nitrogen in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) is a source of contamination of aquifers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield, profitability and leaching losses of nitrogen (N) in sugarcane plantations when the total nitrogen applied is fractionized in several applications. The study was carried out at the “Módulo de Riego I-1 La Antigua”, Veracruz, Mexico. Nine treatments were evaluated, that resulted from the factors: amount of nitrogen applied (250, 200 y 150 kg ha-1) and fractioning of nitrogen applied (2, 3 and 4 applications). The response variables were yield, cost-benefit ratio and nitrogen leaching. It was found that only the nitrogen fractioning showed significant differences for 3 and 4 applications, which resulted in higher yield than 125 t ha-1. The best cost-benefit ratio was found with a dose of 150 kg ha-1 of N fractionized in 3 applications. The lowest nitrogen leaching losses were recorded for 150 kg ha -1 of N fractionized in 3 and 4 applications. Therefore, this nitrogen fertilizer management may result in a higher nitrogen absorption by the crop and less nitrogen will be leached in to the aquifer.El uso excesivo e ineficiente manejo del fertilizante nitrogenado en caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum&nbsp;L) causan contaminación de acuíferos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento, rentabilidad y cantidad de nitrógeno lixiviado en caña de azúcar, bajo la aplicación fraccionada del nitrógeno total que se aplica a la caña de azúcar. El estudio se realizó en el Módulo de Riego I-1 La Antigua, Veracruz, México. Se evaluaron nueve tratamientos que resultaron de los factores: dosis 250, 200 y 150 kg ha-1&nbsp;de N y fraccionamientos 2, 3 y 4. Las variables de respuesta fueron: rendimiento, relación Beneficio/Costo y lixiviación de N. Se encontró una actitud ligeramente positiva (3.3) en escala Likert hacia la reducción de la dosis y aumento en el fraccionamiento del N total que se aplica al cultivo. Para el rendimiento, solo el fraccionamiento mostró diferencias significativas; al fraccionar el nitrógeno en tres y cuatro aplicaciones se obtuvieron rendimientos superiores a 125 t ha-1. Las menores pérdidas por lixiviación se registraron con una dosis de 150 kg ha-1&nbsp;de N fraccionada en tres y cuatro aplicaciones, esto es, 16.80 y 15.40 kg ha-1&nbsp;de N respectivamente. Se concluyó que el empleo de dosis de 150 kg ha-1&nbsp;y con tres fraccionamientos del N total aplicado, representa una alternativa más sustentable para la producción de caña de azúcar. Por lo tanto, este manejo puede resultar en una mayor absorción de N por el cultivo y menos N se lixiviará hacia el acuífero. &nbsp

Manejo del nitrógeno en la caña de azúcar de la zona centro de Veracruz, México

El uso excesivo e ineficiente manejo del fertilizante nitrogenado en caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L) causan contaminación de acuíferos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento, rentabilidad y cantidad de nitrógeno lixiviado en caña de azúcar, bajo la aplicación fraccionada del nitrógeno total que se aplica a la caña de azúcar. El estudio se realizó en el Módulo de Riego I-1 La Antigua, Veracruz, México. Se evaluaron nueve tratamientos que resultaron de los factores: dosis 250, 200 y 150 kg ha-1 de N y fraccionamientos 2, 3 y 4. Las variables de respuesta fueron: rendimiento, relación Beneficio/Costo y lixiviación de N. Se encontró una actitud ligeramente positiva (3.3) en escala Likert hacia la reducción de la dosis y aumento en el fraccionamiento del N total que se aplica al cultivo. Para el rendimiento, solo el fraccionamiento mostró diferencias significativas; al fraccionar el nitrógeno en tres y cuatro aplicaciones se obtuvieron rendimientos superiores a 125 t ha-1. Las menores pérdidas por lixiviación se registraron con una dosis de 150 kg ha-1 de N fraccionada en tres y cuatro aplicaciones, esto es, 16.80 y 15.40 kg ha-1 de N respectivamente. Se concluyó que el empleo de dosis de 150 kg ha-1 y con tres fraccionamientos del N total aplicado, representa una alternativa más sustentable para la producción de caña de azúcar. Por lo tanto, este manejo puede resultar en una mayor absorción de N por el cultivo y menos N se lixiviará hacia el acuífero.

Mediação em centros e museus de ciência no México: um estudo sobre os atores sociais que atuam com os visitantes

The museums educators who work at the intersection of the museum's apparatus, objects and exhibitions with the visiting public are professionals who have different attributions and professional profiles. In this study, we map who the museums educators of scientific and cultural spaces in Mexico are and their views on the role of mediation. Data collection took place through an online questionnaire, answered by 179 people from 18 scientific and cultural spaces in ten states of the Mexican Republic. Among the respondents, there is a greater number of women (126; 70.4%) and young people aged between 20 and 24 years (108; 60.3%), with a bachelor's degree (122; 68.2%) or with high school education complete (49; 27.3%). The majority (157; 87.7%) have been working in the area for less than two years, working hours of up to 20 hours a week and receiving financial aid scholarships. For the Mexican museum educators who participated in this study, their actions should not be limited to explaining concepts; most of them expressed that they considered it essential that a good professional associate the museum's contents with daily life (135; 75.4%) and ask questions that provoke reflection (121; 67.6%). Mediation seems to be seen as a temporary activity, with a short-term link with Mexican institutions. We believe that our study will provide valuable information about professionals who work in mediation in museums and science centers in Mexico, helping to strengthen initiatives for training and maintaining these social actors in the profession.Os mediadores que atuam em museus na interseção entre os aparatos, os objetos e as exposições do museu com o público visitante são profissionais que possuem atribuições e perfis profissionais diversos. Neste estudo, mapeamos quem são os mediadores de espaços científicos e culturais do México e suas visões sobre o papel da mediação. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um questionário on-line, respondido por 179 pessoas provenientes de 18 espaços científicos e culturais que se distribuem por dez estados da República Mexicana. Entre os respondentes, há um número maior de mulheres (126; 70,4%) e jovens entre 20 e 24 anos (108; 60,3%), com formação em licenciatura (122; 68,2%) ou com ensino médio completo (49; 27,3%). A maioria (157; 87,7%) atua há menos de dois anos na área, cumprindo jornadas de trabalho de até 20 horas semanais e recebendo bolsas de auxílio financeiro. Para os mediadores mexicanos que participaram deste estudo, suas ações não devem se limitar a explicação de conceitos; a maioria deles expressou considerar imprescindível que um bom mediador associe os conteúdos do museu com a vida cotidiana (135; 75,4%) e faça perguntas que provoquem reflexão (121; 67,6%). A mediação parece ser vista como uma atividade temporária, com um vínculo de curto prazo com as instituições mexicanas. Acreditamos que nosso estudo trará informações valiosas sobre os profissionais que atuam na mediação nos museus e centros de ciência do México, ajudando a fortalecer iniciativas de formação e manutenção desses atores sociais na profissão.

Mitochondrial genetic diversity, selection and recombination in a canine transmissible cancer.

Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a clonally transmissible cancer that originated approximately 11,000 years ago and affects dogs worldwide. Despite the clonal origin of the CTVT nuclear genome, CTVT mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) have been acquired by periodic capture from transient hosts. We sequenced 449 complete mtDNAs from a global population of CTVTs, and show that mtDNA horizontal transfer has occurred at least five times, delineating five tumour clades whose distributions track two millennia of dog global migration. Negative selection has operated to prevent accumulation of deleterious mutations in captured mtDNA, and recombination has caused occasional mtDNA re-assortment. These findings implicate functional mtDNA as a driver of CTVT global metastatic spread, further highlighting the important role of mtDNA in cancer evolution.Wellcome Trust Investigator Award, 102942/Z/13/A Elizabeth P Murchison Leverhulme Trust Philip Leverhulme Prize Elizabeth P Murchison Royal Society Research Grant, RG130615 Elizabeth P Murchiso

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of Parkinson?s disease

Although over 90 independent risk variants have been identified for Parkinson’s disease using genome-wide association studies, most studies have been performed in just one population at a time. Here we performed a large-scale multi-ancestry meta-analysis of Parkinson’s disease with 49,049 cases, 18,785 proxy cases and 2,458,063 controls including individuals of European, East Asian, Latin American and African ancestry. In a meta-analysis, we identified 78 independent genome-wide significant loci, including 12 potentially novel loci (MTF2, PIK3CA, ADD1, SYBU, IRS2, USP8, PIGL, FASN, MYLK2, USP25, EP300 and PPP6R2) and fine-mapped 6 putative causal variants at 6 known PD loci. By combining our results with publicly available eQTL data, we identified 25 putative risk genes in these novel loci whose expression is associated with PD risk. This work lays the groundwork for future efforts aimed at identifying PD loci in non-European populations

Apuntes acerca de varios cultivos cubanos,

Mode of access: Internet