(Sub) Optimality and (non) optimal satisficing in risky decision experiments

We implement a risky choice experiment based on one-dimensional choice variables and risk neutrality induced via binary lottery incentives. Each participant confronts many parameter constellations with varying optimal payoffs. We assess (sub)optimality, as well as (non) optimal satisficing by eliciting aspirations in addition to choices. Treatments differ in the probability that a binary random event, which are payoff-but not optimal choice-relevant is experimentally induced and whether participants choose portfolios directly or via satisficing, i.e., by forming aspirations and checking for satisficing before making their choice. By incentivizing aspiration formation, we can test satisficing, and in cases of satisficing, determine whether it is optimal

Sourdough performances of the golden cereal Tritordeum: Dynamics of microbial ecology, biochemical and nutritional features

The novel cereal ‘Tritordeum’ was employed in sourdough fermentation for bread making using a traditional backslopping procedure over 10 days. Culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to characterize microbial ecology during sourdough preparation and propagation. Sourdough reached the highest microbial diversity after three days of propagation. Microbial diversity decreased as sourdough reached maturity (day 5). Microbiota dominance shifted from Weissella to Lactiplantibacillus genera after 5 days of propagation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) showed a constant increase throughout the propagations starting from 3.9 ± 0.24 log CFU g−1 on day 0 up to 8.0 ± 0.39 log CFU g−1 on day 5. Weissella confusa/cibaria and Weissella paramesenteroides were the most prevalent LAB species until day 5 of propagation, while Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was the most prevalent thereafter. Yeasts were present in low cell density (2.0 ± 0.11 log CFU g−1) until the fourth backslopping (day 4) and then gradually increased until day 10 (5.0 ± 0.29 log CFU g−1), with Saccharomyces cerevisiae being the most prevalent and dominant species. Lactic and acetic acid concentrations increased throughout Tritordeum sourdough propagations, indicative of a proportional decrease of fermentation quotient (lactic acid/acetic acid) from 13.54 ± 1.29 to 4.08 ± 0.15. Utilization of glucose, fructose and sucrose was observed, followed a progressive increase in mannitol concentrations beginning from day 4. The nutritional potential (total phenol content, antioxidant activity, dietary fiber content and total free amino acids) remained elevated during sourdough propagations. Antinutritional factors (phytic acid and raffinose) were reduced to minimal concentrations by day 10. Finally, texture analysis of Tritordeum sourdough bread was demonstrated to have better cohesiveness, resilience and firmness compared to baker's yeast bread, confirming its potential to improve functionality and use in sourdough biotechnology

Acute effect of whole body vibration on balance in blind vs. no-blind athletes: a preliminary study

Purpose: Aim of this preliminary study was to explore the acute effects of whole body vibration (WBV) on balance and stabilometric parameters, in blind and sighted athletes, during the 20-min post-intervention. Methods: Eleven congenitally adult blind athletes (Experimental Group; EG), and ten coetaneous normally sighted soccer athletes (Control Groups; CG) volunteered for this study. Postural sways of all the participants were assessed with a stabilometric platform before and after WBV exposure. The CG was assessed both with closed and open eyes (CGc and CGo, respectively). Four stabilometric parameters relative to the center of pressure displacement were considered for the analysis: AREA, LENGTH, AV-DIST, SPEED-VAR. Results: The multivariate analysis showed that all the four stabilometric parameters significantly differed between EG, and CG (p = 0.0005), but not significant differences were found between the pre- vs. post-WBV exposure assessments (p = 0.377). Conclusions: The results suggested that WBV does not produce significant acute perturbation or alteration of posture, both in sighted and blind athlete. Consequently, WBV can be safely used by blind athletes as well as in sighted due the absence of acute side effects